Balaji Srinivasan publishes his book, The Network State, formally outlining the concept and its framework.

Honduras passes the Zones of Economic Development and Employment (ZEDE) law, which later provided the legal framework for the Próspera project.

The Free Republic of Liberland is founded by Vít Jedlička on a disputed island on the Danube River, based on libertarian principles.

The Zuzalu pop-up city experiment, guided by Vitalik Buterin, takes place in Montenegro as a proof-of-concept for network state ideas.

Sociologist Joel Garrod publishes a paper describing the network state concept as a 'likely-to-fail libertarian exit project.'