# TRON 
 
Tron is a decentralized, [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain)-based, open-source protocol supporting various kinds of blockchain networks and [smart contrac](https://iq.wiki/wiki/smart-contract)t systems including [bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin), [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum), [EOS](https://iq.wiki/wiki/eos), [Qtum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/qtum), and other public blockchain smart contracts. TRON features a delegated [proof-of-stake](https://iq.wiki/wiki/proof-of-stake)(DPoS) principles as its consensus algorithm and a [cryptocurrency](https://iq.wiki/wiki/cryptocurrency) native to the system, known as Tronix (TRX). Tron was established in March 2014 by Justin Sun and since 2017 it has been overseen and supervised by the a non-profit "TRON Foundation" organization in Singapore which was established in the same year. TRX is the [mainnet](https://iq.wiki/wiki/mainnet) native token of the TRON protocol issued by TRON DAO which is a community-governed DAO dedicated to accelerating the decentralization of the internet blockchain technology and DApps. TRX is the basic unit of accounts on the TRON blockchain. TRX is also a natural medium currency for all TRC-based tokens. TRX connects the whole TRON ecosystem with abundant application scenarios that power transactions and applications on the chain. TRX was originally an Ethereum-based [ERC-20](https://iq.wiki/wiki/erc-20) token, but switched its protocol to its own blockchain in 2018. TRC20 has a fee of 5 Trones per 1 USDT coin for the transfer. 
$$widget0 [YOUTUBE@VID](vdYYQgQ4GjA)$$ 
 
# Overview 
 
## History 
 
2017: 
The TRON Foundation was established in July 2017 in Singapore. TRON was founded by Justin Sun in September 2017. The Foundation raised $70 million in 2017 through an initial coin offering[\[6\]](#cite-id-711m8wpcezx) before China outlawed the digital tokens.![Tron foundation.jpeg](https://ipfs.everipedia.org/ipfs/QmVERBpLcJh9UfgEbkqm24MEAeJ5rGDawMCtjqyUcfcMFH) 
 2018:  
The blockchain Explorer "testnet", and Web Wallet were all launched in March 2018. TRON [Mainnet ](https://iq.wiki/wiki/mainnet) launched shortly afterward in May 2018 marking the Odyssey 2.0 release as a key technical milestone for TRON. In June 2018, TRON switched its protocol from an [ERC-20](https://iq.wiki/wiki/erc-20) token on top of [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) to an independent peer-to-peer network. In July 2018, the TRON Foundation announced it had finished the acquisition of BitTorrent[\[4\]](#cite-id-r8tb9rt47b), a peer-to-peer file sharing service. With this, TRON declared its independence with the creation of the Genesis block. Upon this acquisition, BitTorrent Founder Bram Cohen also disclosed in August 2018 that he was leaving the company to found Chia[\[5\]](#cite-id-1evb2r6rpaz), an alternative to bitcoin creating less energy-intensive [cryptocurrency](https://iq.wiki/wiki/cryptocurrency). 
  
2019: 
By January 2019, TRON had a total market cap of about $1.6 billion[\[7\]](#cite-id-65yepz2i8il). Despite this market performance, some authors viewed TRON as a typical case of the complex and disordered nature of cryptocurrencies. After being acquired by Tron Foundation in February 2019, BitTorrent started its own token sale based on the TRON network. 
  
2020: 
TRON 4.0 was launched in July 2020[\[8\]](#cite-id-yhycq1gmuqn). 
  
2022: 
In April 2022, a new crypto called USDD[\[9\]](#cite-id-qa3ju85z2e8) was created on the TRON [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain). 
TRX is granted statutory status as authorized digital currency and medium of exchange in the Commonwealth of Dominica effective on October 7, 2022[\[10\]](#cite-id-bbefjccsgy). 
 
## 
 
## Architecture 
 
### Technical Architecture 
 
TRON adopts a 3-layer architecture divided into storage layer, core layer, and application layer. Each of which are optimized for a specific set of functionalities. The TRON protocol was modeled using Google Protobuf (protocol buffers) system - a method for serializing structured data which is designed to help platforms and systems communicate with each other quickly and efficiently. TRON [blockchain ](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain)was built to streamline communications and ensure easy integration with a multitude of sophisticated programming languages. 
TRON Storage layer is optimized to allow for more complex data storage needs within TRON’s evolving blockchain architectural landscape. 
TRON core layer performs multiple fundamental tasks that make up the foundation of the blockchain’s underlying protocol. One of the primary tasks is to drive TRON’s innovative consensus procedure for adding new blocks to the chain. This system is inspired by state-of-the-art Delegated [Proof of Stake](https://iq.wiki/wiki/proof-of-stake)(DPoS) consensus architecture. 
TRON application layer is designed to help software engineers interact with the TRON ecosystem effectively. The application layer holds strong potential for supporting new applications built on top of the platform.  
The TRON protocol, maintained primarily by the TRON Foundation, distributes computing resources equally among TRX holders with internal pricing mechanisms such as bandwidth and energy. TRON provides a decentralized virtual machine, which can execute a program using an international network of public nodes. The network has zero transaction fees and conducts approximately 2,000 transactions per second. 
The implementations of TRON require minimal transaction fees in order to prevent malicious users from performing DDoS attacks for free. In this respect, EOS.IO and TRON are quite similar, due to the negligible fees, high transactions per second, and high reliability, and as such are regarded as a new generation of [blockchain ](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain)systems. Michael Borkowski, Marten Sigwart, Phillip Frauenthaler, Taneli Hukkinen and Stefan Schulte defined TRON as an [Ethereum ](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum)clone having no fundamental differences. The transactions per second rate on Tron's blockchain was questioned because it was far below its theoretical claim 
 
### TRON Virtual Machine (TVM) 
 
A lightweight Turing complete virtual machine developed for TRON’s ecosystem to provide millions of global developers with a custom-built blockchain system in efficient, convenient, stable, secure and scalable ways. This systematic mechanism helps prevent attacks on the platform, lowers the resource costs of the platform itself, and reduces the costs of application development. 
 
### zk-SNARK technology 
 
A cryptographic proof system that enables the use of what are shielded transactions to provide decentralized transaction confirmation without sharing any private or confidential data. TRON 4.0 which was launched in 2020 introduced the TRONZ privacy protocol powered by zk-SNARK technology. 
 
# Use Cases 
 
## Smart Contracts 
 
The [blockchain ](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain)technology behind TRON enables the deployment of [smart contract](https://iq.wiki/wiki/smart-contract)s in a variety way of [decentralized applications](https://iq.wiki/wiki/decentralized-application). This includes online games, MLM setups, and decentralized apps. Smart contract can be deployed directly on the TRON network if it is programmed in Solidity. New features such as IDE, TRON Studio, provides a convenient GUI and compiles instructions that make the process easy and stress-free. 
 
## Tron Gambling Dapps 
 
With the tremendous capacity, TRON blockchain can handle thousands of users simultaneously, providing each with the same-quality user experience. The principles of transparency, fairness, and equalized wealth distribution allow all stakeholders to benefit from online gambling. The WINk platform, which was formerly TronBet, offers users exactly same experience. It has several betting games, including ring, poker, dice, duel, slots, and others, which are all based on the decentralized gambling rules. Players also can benefit from dividend payouts if they stake tokens natively supported by WINk such as TRX, LIVE, and others. 
![Trom Gambling.jpg](https://ipfs.everipedia.org/ipfs/QmXZ2P4usPvUgYNt4FkNMnzT8ZrmU7d5qrfjAxkwMkh8G8) 
 
## Tron Exchanges 
 
Tron [smart contracts ](https://iq.wiki/wiki/smart-contract)ensure transparency, automation of executed tasks, and safety. [Poloniex](https://iq.wiki/wiki/poloniex), the first decentralized exchange running on Tron, allows users to exchange Tron tokens for TRX with no transaction fees. Smart contracts handle all transactions in the network, executing exchange operations through users’ wallets. Every transaction record is safely and reliably stored on the [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain). 
 
## Tron MMORPG 
 
Tron Legend was an online game that showed that Tron could be used as the base for MMORPGs. The game mechanic was based on innovative and collective task-solving. Unique design and events triggered through [smart contracts](https://iq.wiki/wiki/smart-contract) allowed players to enjoy the benefits of Tron blockchain’s ecosystem, and distribute the dividends earned on the platform among wallets. 
 
## Tron NFT Marketplaces 
 
An NFT-based Tron marketplace can be a possible use case for painters, musicians, and other creators where they could tokenize their works. Tron’s interoperability can make them trade NFTs without strict reference to a particular marketplace, benefitting from multi-currency support, bundling, and other related functionality. With Tron’s feature of high liquidity, creators could use their tokens as collateral for cash or liquid money. In addition to that, Tron can establish a standard for single trading on the marketplace, according to which there should be universal rules of funds’ transfer, ownership, and access control. The system will automatically enforce individual properties on them and limit the volumes of work to be converted into NFTs. 
 
# Criticism 
 
## TRON accused of plagiarizing [Filecoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/filecoin), [IPFS ](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ipfs)whitepapers[\[11\]](#cite-id-edq0vhdg55i) 
 
In January 2018, Juan Benet, the CEO at Protocol Labs, revealed, via a Tweet, that the white paper of TRON copied portions of the white papers from IPFSbot and MineFilecoin, without a single reference. Researchers from Digital Asset Research (DAR) discovered several instances of code copied from other projects in the base of Tron code. It is also accused of violating the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0 (LGPL) because the project doesn't mention that its client was derived from EthereumJ - a Java implementation of [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum). However, these accusations were denied by the TRON Foundation, the organization behind the design of the system. 
 
## TRON suffered from a critical bug that could've crashed its entire blockchain[\[2\]](#cite-id-0h991z33g07) 
 
In May 2019, the cyber-security testing service HackerOne revealed that just one computer could have brought TRON's entire [blockchain ](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain)to a halt. The revelation showed that a barrage of requests sent by a single PC could be used to squeeze the power of the blockchain's CPU, overload the memory, and perform a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack. 
 
## Algorithmic stablecoin loses its peg as TRON's USDD fails[\[3\]](#cite-id-w7ovycriz8) 
 
On 13 June 2022, Tron's algorithmic [stablecoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin), USDD, lost its peg to the US dollar dipping to as low as 91 cents, as crypto markets nosedived as investors grew increasingly concerned about persistently high inflation, tightening financial conditions and a potential recession. 
 
 
# Legal issues 
 
## Tron Arbitration Challenged in Hostile Work Environment Lawsuit[\[1\]](#cite-id-2148ed1bhff) 
 
A legal challenge is calling on a court to overturn an order allowing the central organization developing the Tron [cryptocurrency ](https://iq.wiki/wiki/cryptocurrency)to privately litigate a lawsuit through arbitration. 
Richard Hall and Lukasz Juraszek, employees who were fired from the Tron Foundation in 2019, filed a writ of mandamus with the First District Court of Appeal in California in San Francisco on June 17, 2020 to reverse arbitration in a lawsuit alleging wrongful termination and hostile work practices at BitTorrent, a file-sharing service acquired in 2018 by the Tron Foundation. In March, 2020, the San Francisco Superior Court approved the Tron Foundation and BitTorrent's request to settle the lawsuit in arbitration instead of in court.

Tron is a decentralized, blockchain-based, open-source protocol supporting various kinds of blockchain networks and smart contract systems including bitcoin, Et...

TRON

The Nym network is a decentralized and incentivized infrastructure to provision privacy to a broad range of message-based applications and services. The core component of Nym is a **mixnet** that protects network traffic metadata for applications, providing communication privacy superior to both VPNs and Tor against global adversaries that can watch the entire internet.  
Combining a decentralized mixnet and a credential system, Nym weaves token-based incentives into the ecosystem it enables, delivering privacy that is both **sustainable and scalable**. Nym fills in the missing pieces of the cryptographic revolution necessary to end mass surveillance[\[7\]](#cite-id-25vg0qyyfmc).  
Nodes in the mixnet are rewarded via a novel *proof of mixing* scheme[\[6\]](#cite-id-vtu2j0ncbjj) that proves that mix nodes are providing a high quality of service. Rewards given by NYM tokens allow anyone to join the Nym network and enable a sustainable economic model for privacy. NYM tokens can be transformed into *anonymous credentials* that allow users to privately prove their "right to use" services in a decentralized and verifiable manner.  
The Nym network can serve as the foundation for a vast range of privacy-enhanced applications that defend the fundamental freedoms of people across the globe against traffic analysis by powerful adversaries.  
  
### Nym team  
  
![NymTeam_1637247256frVgQHWiXY.jpg](https://ipfs.everipedia.org/ipfs/QmQ3fx1hnztWgT6V8njmTvAvtZBh1WNDBCciPVEqw1u8Cj)  
**Harry Halpin**[\[18\]](#cite-id-23aqmyxwff5) \- CEO and Chairman of Scientific Board\, **Dave Hrycyszyn**[\[19\]](#cite-id-2sbd7fl77l8) *-* Chief Technology Officer, **Claudia Diaz** \- Chief Scientist\, **Ania Piotrowska[\[20\]](#cite-id-f8vuzrqet0a)** \- Head of Research\, **Jess Hrycyszyn[\[21\] ](#cite-id-06jm348zcnfp)**\- Chief Product Officer\, **Alexis Roussel[\[22\] ](#cite-id-tjk66169lfo)**\- Chief Operating Officer\, **Jaya Klara Brekke** \- Chief Strategy Officer\, **Chelsea Manning[\[23\] ](#cite-id-fpmm8w8c8x5)**\- Security and Public Relations\, **Andrei Serjantov** \- Chief Financial Officer\, and others\.   
  
## The problem Nym solves  
  
Today, data about every intimate aspect of our lives is concentrated in the hands of a few corporations. Government agencies harvest it without our knowledge or permission. This is destroying trust in the internet, stifling innovation, and exposing millions to privacy breaches and identity theft.  
Existing end-to-end encryption models can protect the content of your communications data—but they do not protect the *metadata* about whom you are communicating with and when. No current system can protect you against traffic analysis at scale.  
Nym **protects both content and metadata**, keeping the relationship unlinkable between client devices at one end and service transactions at the other. Nym’s fundamental innovation is a holistic, open-source, decentralized, permissionless, and incentivized network: a secure foundation on which developers can build applications that can anonymize metadata both at the level of network traffic and at the level of applications. Nym is designed to transmit data without access to or knowledge of the source, location or content of that data by the network or its participants.  
  
## Nym components  
  
### Nym Mixnet  
  
Nym Mixnet is a multi-purpose mixnet that prevents traffic analysis by an adversary capable of watching the entire network, including the NSA.  
$$widget0 [YOUTUBE@VID](JUyIbKccMi0)$$  
The Nym mixnet is a decentralised network of computers arranged in 3 layers.  Your communication traffic is sent through it wrapped in multiple layers of encryption using SPHINX packet format which makes every piece of data passing through the mixnet look exactly the same. In each layer of the mixnet, your internet traffic is mixed with other people’s traffic, and the metadata that uniquely identifies your communications ie. your IP address, timing and destination is obfuscated. This means that your messages are “lost in the crowd” and not only the content but also the meta-data of your messages is protected and your communications are private. There is a saying amongst privacy crowds that says “Privacy loves company”, which is what a mixnet provides; the more data is mixed together the more private everyone’s data is.  
  
### Nym Token (NYM)  
  
Nym Token (NYM) is a utility token, which incentivizes privacy and is used to make mixnet decentralized, sustainable and resilient[\[4\]](#cite-id-x8tkwg7mgej). Total supply is 1,000,000,000. Market Cap is $29,880,249 as of December 2, 2022[\[5\]](#cite-id-vap5ac0wir). The value of the NYM token will eventually be tied to the global demand and need for privacy, which is only increasing as the internet expands into more and more areas. The NYM token decentralizes the system via proof-of-stake; it can enable the functioning of the system via distributing rewards in exchange for provisioning privacy-enhanced communication. Nym tokens provide credentialed access to privacy-enhanced and uncensored internet communication for a unit of time. The NYM token is a voucher for these credentials and is used to pay for network operations. For example, tokens will be used to reward those who provide services for the Nym network, such as operating a mix-node or validators for the Nym blockchain. Tokenization provides the foundation for an alternative to the surveillance-based economic models that dominate today’s internet.  
  
### Nym Credentials  
  
Nym Credentials allow 3rd party apps to anonymize any arbitrary ‘key : value’ pairs, so users can privately reveal part or all of their data at their discretion for any necessary compliance and authentication.  
Nym credentials solve the problem of privacy-enhanced authentication amongst a decentralized open-ended ecosystem of services. Many blockchain systems offer decentralized services, but at the cost of revealing all transactions in a public ledger, which is clearly not suitable for high-value transactions involving personal data. Nym credentials deploy anonymous authentication credentials as an identity system that maintains user privacy. Due to the validators being decentralized, the system is compatible with blockchain-based systems. Tokens can be used to show the "right to access" privacy-enhanced services. Nym validators transform these tokens into Nym credentials that validated publicly in a decentralized manner via a modified Coconut signature scheme capable of the open-ended embedding arbitrary attributes[\[1\]](#cite-id-qvoucsi5ay).  
Nym credentials serve as a privacy-enhanced and decentralized alternative to OAuth-based systems like Facebook Login and Google Sign-In, while sharing even less data on-chain than W3C DIDs. In effect, Nym credentials allow users to selectively disclose their data to whomever they choose, however they wish to, backed up by the power of cryptography and decentralization. Combined with mixnets, Nym provides a holistic solution to privacy that can be integrated with any blockchain and any other application[\[8\]](#cite-id-ux3f4x4i0wd).  
  
## History  
  
**2018**  
Nym was founded.  
**May 13, 2019**  
Nym raises $2.5 million in a seed round.[\[9\]](#cite-id-j0afts9ws6)  
**June 12, 2019**  
Nym raises $6 million in a seed round led by Bessemer Venture Partners.[\[10\]](#cite-id-1pkxvi8aa9t)  
**November 5, 2019**  
Nym released its litepaper.[\[25\]](#cite-id-bpurh6mnz1c)  
**September 10, 2020**  
The release of version 0.8.0 of the Nym platform. [\[27\]](#cite-id-96xqthv6qhk)  
**September 11, 2020**  
The release of phase 0 of Nym incentivized testnet with NYMPH testnet tokens.[\[28\]](#cite-id-45rqiix24ud)  
**November - December, 2020**  
Nym mixnet, previously running in Go, was rebuilt in Rust to speed up cryptographic operation in Sphinx packet processing.[\[26\]](#cite-id-nshgxdzl5g)  
**February 27, 2021**  
Nym Whitepaper was released. [\[11\]](#cite-id-rym6z26f1sp)  
**April 14, 2021**  
Nym version 0.10.0 and testnet Finney. [\[12\]](#cite-id-d7xnfdn83vs)  
**May 18, 2021**  
Nym × Mask Network - the next step in privacy protection.[\[13\]](#cite-id-fot2u420nm)  
**July 15, 2021**  
Nym v0.11.0 and testnet Milhon. [\[14\]](#cite-id-8d97a44jzif)  
**July 16, 2021**  
Nym raises a $6,500,000 series A round from Eden Block, Greenfield One, Maven 11 Capital, Polychain Capital and Tioga Capital.[\[15\]](#cite-id-8glunuchg03)  
**July 20, 2021**  
Nym global privacy infrastructure is backed by the European Commission, and joins the EU Next Generation Internet initiative. [\[16\]](#cite-id-o4wnbwdljdb)  
**August 25, 2021**  
Whistleblower and security engineer Chelsea Manning joined Nym as a security consultant, focusing on auditing their mixnet. [\[24\]](#cite-id-qfoybdjydh)  
**November 9, 2021**  
The desktop wallet for mixnodes and mixnet explorer were officially launched.[\[29\]](#cite-id-pan8nja25pc)  
**November 19, 2021**  
Nym tops up with $13 million led by a16z.[\[17\]](#cite-id-txy11srp6k7)  
**January 19, 2022**  
Nyx blockchain was introduced on Cosmos. [\[33\]](#cite-id-l06g3gmboi)  
**February 1, 2022**  
NYM token was introduced.[\[31\]](#cite-id-qb1ynps2jnc)  
**February 9, 2022**  
NYM public sale on Coinlist.[\[30\]](#cite-id-cdxu1jyqngi)  
**May 3, 2022**  
Nym Technologies announced it has secured $300 million in commitments from venture capital partners in support of the NYM Innovation Fund.[\[35\]](#cite-id-mms8ua6gcjh)  
**July 25, 2022**  
NymConnect was introduced and became the first app to launch in Shipyard, the Beta space to test privacy applications and apply for the grants to build them.[\[32\]](#cite-id-btbtaahox2u)  
**October 28, 2022**  
Nym launched the 6-week Shipyard Academy program for anyone who wants to play a role in transforming the internet from a massive vehicle of surveillance and control into a secure digital realm where privacy is the default.[\[34\]](#cite-id-soi2ghm66p)  
  


The Nym network is a decentralized and incentivized infrastructure to provision privacy to a broad range of message-based applications and services. The core co...

Nym protocol

**Internet Computer** is a limitless blockchain network that allows the creation of most web-based services on an even more secure and decentralized protocol. [\[3\]](#cite-id-0d7tt5mgdhwn) The Internet Computer is powered by the Internet Computer Protocol (ICP) token formerly known as DFN, that enables users re-create the web and power apps in a more propagated form, pay fees for transactions on the blockchain (serves as a gas for transaction), reward participants or data centers and make governance decisions where holders can vote on the future of the network. The ICP token is a utility token that plays key roles in the Internet Computer network.[\[8\]](#cite-id-oaimkt8h0gg) [\[9\]](#cite-id-w67h42f0tp)  
  
$$widget0 [YOUTUBE@VID](nvgzxedJtfE)$$  
  
# History  
  
In early 2016, Internet Computer came as an idea conceived by Dominic Williams, the chief scientist, founder and orchestrator of DFINITY. DFINITY, a not-for-profit digital foundation that developed and maintained the Internet Computer project for 5 years before its official launch. [\[5\]](#cite-id-q0gikincu5) [\[6\]](#cite-id-ta6mfbu73de) Until 2018, funding rounds were conducted for Dfinity which raised about $121 million from contributors namely [Andreessen Horowitz](https://iq.wiki/wiki/andreessen-horowitz), [Polychain Capital](https://iq.wiki/wiki/polychain-capital), Aspect Ventures [\[16\]](#cite-id-zegbsrshxpb), including an [initial coin offering](https://iq.wiki/wiki/initial-coin-offering) (ICO) in 2017 before the network token was distributed. The token worth about $35 million via an airdrop [\[13\]](#cite-id-qjee1atb1xt) in 2018.  
  
By 2019, a full development of the token started with the release of Copper and the ICP went live in May 2021. It enabled the reach for [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain) singularity. That is, a blockchain that is able to run the web from hostage to storage and services, having everything in a secure protocol without the interference of a third-party. Ethereum alike, ICP allows the launch of decentralized applications (DApps) in its network but makes use of the upgraded version of smart contracts (as present in blockchains like Ethereum) in the ICP network called Canisters. [\[14\]](#cite-id-8ceviw8th8a)  
According to the founder, the Internet Computer Protocol (ICP) token symbolizes the third major innovation in [blockchain ](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain)technology after [Bitcoin ](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin)and [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum). This innovation is perceived as one evolving the internet into its next big event.  
  
> Internet Computer has come to put an end to big tech monopolies and replace the overly circulated cloud service system with a more decentralized world network and having an eye on becoming an extension of the internet\_\_ says Dominic Williams  
  
## **Overview**  
  
Internet Computer (ICP) was launched in 2021 by Dfinity Foundation, founded by Dominic Williams. The network is designed to allow all developers, enterprises, and business owners build and deploy software on the "open internet". The creators plan to replace and improve the current private internet infrastructure to one that eliminates the need to totally rely on security platforms and existing technologies. [\[12\]](#cite-id-y0btor34pyo) The main idea therefore is to have a decentralized global network powered by a blockchain technology that is fast enough to supports and run the entire base layer of the web, including [Web 3 ](https://iq.wiki/wiki/web3)and [DeFi ](https://iq.wiki/wiki/defi)applications.  
  
$$widget0 [YOUTUBE@VID](XgsOKP224Zw)$$  
The Internet Computer operates on a technology called Chain Key Technology [\[11\]](#cite-id-gwtcjg9rrs8) which consists of other systems namely Network Nervous System (NNS), Internet Identity, and Threshold Relay Consensus among others. Thousands of nodes run to secure the network which forms subnets when grouped. These subnets have a [Proof-of-Stake](https://iq.wiki/wiki/proof-of-stake) (PoS) mechanism such that the more tokens are staked the more the reward.  
  
Upon the official launch of the network's token in 2021, a massive price swing occurred. From $640 to $250, prices dropped in the early hours of its launch [\[15\]](#cite-id-lud8ywxrx1o) with over 469,213,710 coin in circulation due to being listed in quick succession on several major crypto exchanges. A day after the launch, prices recovered at about 70% from the previous, but subsided soon after. Investors supported its growth, sold and bought dips and since then, prices have been at the minimum and decreasing. Despite this, the network is presently vaulting into the top 10 valuable digital tokens space among known names as [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum), [Bitcoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin), [Dogecoin ](https://iq.wiki/wiki/dogecoin)and others.  
  
## **Tokenomics**  
  
Coin base Pro exchange first saw the trading operations of the Internet Computer (ICP) tokens. There are two native tokens involved on the Internet Computer network, and they include  
  
* **ICP** an exclusive control token for managing the network  
* **Cycles** a stable coin used to support computation, similar to the "gas fee" for Ethereum. Just that users do not need to pay for gas fee when working with Canisters, unless transactions are involved.  
  
ICP token is the used more and can be locked in the **Network Nervous System (NNS)**, an algorithm protocol system that runs the network. They can also be converted into cycles, as gas fee for computation using containers. This process involves burning ICP tokens to convert to Cycles for computation and it is termed deflationary.  
  
$$widget0 [YOUTUBE@VID](H2p5q0PR2pc)$$  
  
### ICP Functionality  
  
The ICP token helps with the operation of the Internet Computer blockchain and the following outlines its core use cases.  
  
* The node(s) that offers storage infrastructure to the Internet Computer Blockchain receives **ICP rewards**.  
* ICP holders can stake their tokens to create Neutrons and vote on proposals related to core aspects of the Internet Computer.  
* ICP serves as fuel for storage or computation.  
* it serves as a transaction fee when submitting new proposals to the NNS.  
  
**ICP Burns Cycle Analysis**  
![ICPtoCycles.jpg](https://ipfs.everipedia.org/ipfs/QmW2oSkRyMRCxrFftwvFe3rWxSZ8iCkHjozs4qJ8LLimfB)  
  
## **Market Cap**  
  
The current live market cap of the ICP is over $1.4 billion ranking #38 in the CoinMarketCap [\[17\]](#cite-id-au66tht8qdj)  
  
## **The Future of Internet Computer (ICP)**  
  
The Internet Computer plans to become a solid competition and alternative to today's internet within the next decade. Announcing the 20 Year Map in the Medium article [\[18\]](#cite-id-rlxi61fakz), the Internet Computer plans to obviate the companies controlling the present centralized internet, such as Facebook, Google, Microsoft and Amazon.  
Although the project has received a series of backlash, in the long run, the ICP token and its blockchain promises to be a assuring investment.

The Internet Computer Overview, History and Tokenomics. 

Internet Computer (ICP)

**The Open Network (TON)** is a fully decentralized layer1 blockchain, originally developed by Telegram and currently managed by the community. It was designed to onboard billions of users and offers ultra-fast transactions, tiny fees, and easy-to-use apps.[\[1\]](#cite-id-hztm6wwwkqi) 
 
**TONCOIN** (previously known as **Gram**), is the principal cryptocurrency of TON Blockchain, particularly its master chain and basic workchain. [\[2\]](#cite-id-6lskq0ua01w) It is used to make deposits required to become a TON validator, pay transaction fees, gas payments, and persistent storage payments. [\[1\]](#cite-id-hztm6wwwkqi) 
 
During an Interview in December 2017, Durav (founder and CEO of telegram) announced that telegram would begin monetizing in early 2018 [\[3\]](#cite-id-w0ua1fba9dc) 
 
In January 2018, Techcrunch confirmed that telegram plans to launch a project named The Open Network, and its cryptocurrency (Gram). [\[4\]](#cite-id-5uuc6sebuwq) Later that January, Telegram released a white paper and a technical paper for the telegram open network. The project which has been on since 2017, was in active development until 2020. During this time, TON raised money through private sales of Gram Tokens. [\[5\]](#cite-id-ahf2y3yfi18) 
 
In February and March 2018, investors bought the first Gram tokens at a price of $0.37 and $1.33, respectively. Gram broke records for the second-largest token sale of all time, having raised $1.7billion from its ICO. [\[5\]](#cite-id-ahf2y3yfi18) 
 
 
In 2019, The telegram team released a series of documents detailing the design of TON blockchain. The team launched the first TON testnet in the spring of 2019, after which the code became open-source, and testnet2 launched on Nov. 15, 2019. 
 
October 2019, the US Securities and Exchange Commission, sued telegram, accusing it of conducting an unregistered Securities offering. 
 
March 2020, The telegram team ceased the development of TON and support of testnet2, paid a $18.5m settlement, and agreed to return funds to investors. 
 
2020 - 2021, A small team of open-source developers - NewTON - dive deep into TON's codebase, architecture, and documentation. They resumed active development of TON in keeping with the design detailed in TON's original documentation. [\[6\]](#cite-id-vw62ls7xqcg) 
 
 
## **History** 
 
The Idea of TONCOIN was led by Pavel and Nikolai Durov (founders of Telegram Messenger), to support telegram's wide userbase. The idea was to build a platform that disrupts the decentralized application space, with speed and scalability that are important for the mass adoption of cryptocurrency. Through TON, Telegram users would be able to buy, transfer, and store value in ID-verifiable wallets facilitated by the GRAM coin. [\[5\]](#cite-id-ahf2y3yfi18) 
 
The team began to invest a significant amount of time, to come up with an early iteration of TON. In January 2018, the team released a white paper and a detailed technical paper which gave an insight on the features and design of the project. TON was described as a platform for decentralized apps and services with the ability to scale and support millions of transactions per second. 
 
During the project Development, the team attracted investment through private Gram offering, raising a total of $1.7B. This brought a lot of attention to Gram, as well as challenges, as people began to scam, using the project the name.[\[7\]](#cite-id-205opghrmio) 
 
![BREAKING-Telegram-CEO-Officially-Confirms-Gramtoken-io-ICO-as-FAKE-Finance-Magnates.png](https://ipfs.everipedia.org/ipfs/QmQQVZw9Hyopbd39hDzSGTj89c2LQsJdJi5tCTEDod8cxW) 
![Potential-scam-warning-TON-CryptoCurrency (1).png](https://ipfs.everipedia.org/ipfs/QmU3USHQ5pcDXqwib1bL1162uNydDFcHnPhALSMckas7dT) 
 Pavel Durov, the CEO of telegram quickly made an announcement, warning against fake projects using Gram's name. 
 
While the team planned to release the project by 2020, it was kept on hold as the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), filed a lawsuit against the company in 2019. Accusing telegram of promoting an unregistered security offering. 
 
By the year 2020, the problem had been resolved. The telegram team had lost to SEC and was expected to refund a sum of $1.2 million to investors, for the failed project. [\[9\]](#cite-id-6wv0xos0mdg) 
 
By May 2020, Pavel Durov ended telegrams participation in the project. The project was made open source and finally abandoned. [\[8\]](#cite-id-f4njjrr85f6) A team of Open Source developers called NewTON took over the development of the project. 
![-3-XanPool-on-Twitter-Today-we-are-sharing-TokenFunFacts-about-TON-✨-Toncoin-is-the-token-native-to-The-Open-Network-a-decentralized-Layer-1-blockchain-network-🌐-Its-original-name-was-Telegram-Open-Network-developed-.png](https://ipfs.everipedia.org/ipfs/QmP7qHNTsRvfGYu9w9AABEowLnD1wnJZ2S7mfEfY4YxNWL) 
Durov however endorsed the TONCOIN project (built by the community), expressing his delight to see the continuous evolution of the TON technology. [\[10\]](#cite-id-8hlafcfdzhs) 
$$widget0 [YOUTUBE@VID](upwbFKDQu7U)$$ 
 
## **UTILITY** 
 
TONCOIN has a wide range of applications and can be used for both utility and governance purposes. 
 
* It can be used for on-chain as well as off-chain transactions. 
* used to pay for decentralized storage and domain names. 
* Can be used as a governing or staking token (which gives users the right to make governing decisions). 
* Toncoin is integral to TON's onchain program. Can be used as payment for creating new workchains and extra currencies. 
* Can be used as payment for decentralized app services. 
* Used as validator's stake required to maintain the blockchain. 
* Can be used as commission payments for processing on-chain transactions with smart contracts. 
* Can also be lent out to nominators in exchange for their share of rewards. [\[11\]](#cite-id-expmc79xhc8) 
 
## **Consensus** 
 
Toncoin is built on a proof of stake (PoS) network. The token is used to validate transactions, reward validators, and can be lent to nominators in exchange for their share of rewards. 
 
## **Features** 
 
Toncoin is designed to be scalable and adaptable. Built with millions of users in mind, Toncoin can grow without sacrificing its performance or level of security. And can take up millions of transactions simultaneously. Notable features of Toncoin include: 
 
### Ton wallets 
 
Ton offers several ways to store Toncoins, either through their various non-custodial wallets or through integrated third-party wallets. 
 
Ton's non-custodial wallets include; Tonkeeper, Tonhub, TON Wallet, and Coin98 wallet, while its custodial wallets include @wallet and @crypto bot. Both are user-friendly bots used within the telegram app. 
 
Non-custodial wallets allow users to have full control over their assets, and to also interact with Defi-solutions. While custodial wallets take care of the users' storage needs so they can just focus on their investments. [\[12\]](#cite-id-40s5spzxy82) 
 
### Ton Nominator Pools 
 
A proof of stake mechanism that allows holders to lend their profits to nominators in order to earn profit. It also allows validators to be rewarded based on how much stake they hold [\[13\]](#cite-id-81go8e5m00m) 
 
### Ton Apps & Services 
 
The TON Blockchain houses several Dapps and services. It allows developers to create new decentralized applications on the blockchain. Users of these applications can interact with the blockchain through the app interface.[\[14\]](#cite-id-hw76vrwwor) 
 
Examples of successful apps built on the TON blockchain include Stickerface, Ton diamonds, Ton cats, etc. 
 
Stickerface is a TON NFT project that allows users to create avatar versions of themselves, using selfies, or creating them from scratch. The project has made 150 sales so far, on the TON Diamond marketplace. And is currently available on mobile apps. [\[16\]](#cite-id-symqtmadq3) 
 
Other TON services include TON news, which gives updates about happenings in the TON community. [\[15\]](#cite-id-kmmbowvs49) 
 
### TON BRIDGE 
 
A сross-chain asset transfer consisting of a link between 5 blockchains: BSC, ETH, Free TON, Fantom, Polygon. [\[17\]](#cite-id-pl7yplv7hr) 
 
### TON DNS 
 
Provides users with easy-to-remember names. Users can register their domain and business names on the blockchain using TON DNS [\[18\]](#cite-id-7yybnk88k6d) 
 
## **Tokenomics** 
 
As of November 2022, the supply of token is 5,073,848,357 with a 0.6% annual inflation rate. 
 
TONCOIN is still receiving attention as more users are creating accounts every day. 
As of November 2022, there are 1,487,269 Accounts on TON with a 229% increase over the last 6 months 
 
TONCOIN has also seen an increase in validators, with a current total of 234, and a validator stake of 154,436,248 to maintain the blockchain. [\[19\]](#cite-id-txw3c02mdk)[\[1\]](#cite-id-hztm6wwwkqi) 
 
The current (November 2022) rate of Toincoin is $1.71 USD with a 24-hour trading volume of $5,794,825 USD. Having been down 1.30% in the last 24 hours. [\[20\]](#cite-id-ujwfyhq0cx8)[\[21\]](#cite-id-de10xylch4l) 
 
TONCOIN is currently ranked #27 on CoinMarketCap and #26 on Coingecko 
 
## **Roadmap** 
 
The TON community has been making continuous progress in maintaining the network and adding more features. 
 
For the year 2022, the community has completed the following projects so far on the roadmap; TON Nominators[\[23\]](#cite-id-j9y4ecjtaoj), TON DeFi [\[24\]](#cite-id-jvfm8fiqt4b), and TON Developers Program[\[25\]](#cite-id-s5xofxb10he) for the first quarter. 
 
TON DNS [\[26\]](#cite-id-9jc1s1upkgn) and TON Payments [\[27\]](#cite-id-ytchsde329) for the second quarter 
 
TON Proxy[\[28\]](#cite-id-2odb7aa8iwn) and TON Sites[\[29\]](#cite-id-ab4pwrrsvyd) for the third quarter. 
 
TON Storage is the only feature left to be completed for the last quarter and the year 2022. 
 
In 2023, the team will be introducing Bitcoin & EVM Cross-chain the Network.

The Open Network (TON) is a fully decentralized layer1 blockchain, originally developed by Telegram and currently managed by the community.

The Open Network (TONCOIN)

Alameda Research was a quantitative cryptocurrency trading firm and liquidity provider. On November 11, 2022, the firm announced that it would be filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. [\[8\]](#cite-id-l44ajs7k1in) [\[1\]](#cite-id-u07le2dlwo9)[\[2\]](#cite-id-7q2q9w1n7tk)  
$$widget0 [YOUTUBE@VID](AbgRB3arCpY)$$  
  
# History  
  
Founded in 2017, Alameda Research was a financial services company that focuses on providing liquidity and managing digital assets. The company was originally founded in Hong Kong but has expanded to the United States and Japan. Alameda Research was founded by [Sam Bankman-Fried](https://iq.wiki/wiki/sam-bankman-fried), who had previously worked at Jane Street, a global proprietary trading firm.[\[4\]](#cite-id-cbwps5sqmoc)  
  
## Bankruptcy  
  
In November 2022, Bankman-Fried announced that [Alameda Research](https://iq.wiki/wiki/alameda-research) and [FTX](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ftx) had filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy along with other companies related to FTX. The founder Sam Bankman-Fried resigned from his position as CEO, with John J. Ray III succeeding him.[\[9\]](#cite-id-5lbap8old9l) Websites for Alameda Research and the company’s venture capital arm, FTX Ventures, were offline and made private, while both FTX’s main site and FTX US’ website remain accessible.[\[10\]](#cite-id-9uy3ujwhbom)  
  
According to a recent report by The Wall Street Journal, the reason for the crisis was that the exchange provided up to $10 billion in loans using money that customers had deposited. Since FTX had $16 billion in customer assets, the exchange had lent more than half of its customer funds. Aside from FTX, Alameda had to take out additional loans from other financial firms too, which totals $1.5 billion, the report said, citing people familiar with the matter.[\[11\]](#cite-id-nd7wjqkraeo)

Alameda Research was a quantitative cryptocurrency trading firm and liquidity provider.

Alameda Research

**Joystream** is a developing ecosystem, built on blockchain-based protocol that aims to formalize a shared content platform. It has a gateway system, which allows creators to build their own video- or other kind of content platforms with NFTs as an option. Joystream is operated and governed by its users, and has its own DAO governance tool. The main products at the moment are: **Atlas** (a gateway framework), **Gleev** (a video platform about web3), **Pioneer** (a governance platform and a forum). Joystream is currently in the testnet, with mainnet planned for December, 2022.  
  
## Founders  
  
Joystream was founded by JSgenesis [1](#cite-id-6k46jout137), a company, registered in 2014 in Oslo, Norway [2](#cite-id-71ck0zs4a27). Its core members are Bedeho Mender[15](#cite-id-f7sw4bvwdok) (Founder, CEO), Martin Wessel-Berg[17](#cite-id-m4ss7qezdj) (COO), Mokhtar Naamani[16](#cite-id-jl9b0yom63s) (Co-Founder, CTO).  
![undefined](https://ipfs.everipedia.org/ipfs/QmSK5mU7VgG1i3QYnmSRR1o8jg1jqiSLdAsCGVvqs8cbLn)  
  
## Investors  
  
Joystream valuation is estimated at $60 million[10](#cite-id-zbl696wahko), with more than 30 investors, including Digital Currency Group (DCG, the parent company of CoinDesk), Hypersphere, Defi Alliance and D1 Ventures.  
  
## History  
  
The startup, which has been around since 2015, was originally building atop the BitTorrent protocol. It pivoted to creating a video platform in 2018 and has been preparing for mainnet launch ever since.  
*11/12/2018*  
The Joystream project was launched by Jsgenesis (Blog post [3](#cite-id-0pcxva8jkaad)), JSG was created from inception to focus on the coding and system elements of the platform, while the running of the platform was entrusted to users under the motto "We are building Joystream to set it free"  
*21/12/2018-19/05/2020*  
Various testnets were launched over this time period (Mesopotamia, Sparta, Athens, Acropolis, Rome).  
All incentives were directly paid in USD (XMR) for work performed on the network. This meant that none of the balances on the testnet were of much consequence.  
*20/05/2020*  
Constantinople testnet was launched (Blog post). This for the first time created the concept of tJOY and a fiat pool allowing for testnet participants to be directly incentivized by tokens on the testnet and have their incentives be impacted by the DAO and community's decisions. The network was initially backed by a pool of $2500 USD that was managed by Jsgenesis (Blog Post[4](#cite-id-1j4ecj94uhj)).  
As of early 2022, the fiat pool had increased from the intial $2500 USD to over $65,000 USD, paying out more than $93,000 USD in incentives to users.  
The tJOY balances were exchangeable into USD by exchanging them for Monero and eventually Bitcoin Cash.  
This release also introduced KPIs which were a set of goals for each council to work toward to gain more incentives (First KPI blog post[5](#cite-id-j9lmptmq2)).  
As of early 2022, the potential weekly KPI rewards had increased from $200 USD to as much as $4800 USD.  
*14/02/2021*  
The Founding Members program was launched[11](#cite-id-cdaqf0otbm6). This program offered mainnet tokens to platform participants for the first time, in addition to the more immediate financial incentives available via the incentivized testnet. It was intended for this program to run up until mainnet launch of the project, however in early 2022 it was discontinued in favor of the new system.  
Participating users were required to produce a document outlining their activity on the testnet which would be graded and given points, and unlike many programs within cryptocurrency projects, only gave actual allocations to those inducted as Founding Members (selected by JSG based upon the quality of their participation and contributions over time). In addition to monetary incentives, a unique hand crafted avatar was granted to every inducted Founding Member.  
![undefined](https://ipfs.everipedia.org/ipfs/QmW49AmCgmjqGioDCeVj8e81wriweBYdRoybgLNQJNQHrQ)  
Up until this point, no mainnet tokens were offered to users, they were collecting points. Regardless of this, a few users had participated heavily beyond the immediate USD incentives by producing bots, scripts, documents, driving activity and growth as well contributing feedback, ideas and improvements to the platform. Jsgenesis selected 5 of the most valuable contributors as Initial Founding Members and gave them a generous allocation of mainnet tokens. This was explained further here.  
None of the tokens given to community participants had any value attached. Jsgenesis had recieved investments from various firms however did not disclose any information regarding any valuation of the project.  
*13/01/2022*  
Jsgenesis announced the discontinuation of the the points system for the Founding Members program.  
All points were converted into token allocations and given a potential USD value based on the valuation of the project. A deadline of 26/01/2022 was also given for any final reports to be submitted. The KPI system was also going to be discontinued upon launch of the new incentives system.  
The valuation of the project was made public for the first time giving users an opportunity to see for the first time the potential financial value of their contributions so far as well as the potential future rewards available by participating further.  
Users who were not inducted as Founding Members also had all of their points converted into potential token allocations, however they would still be required to contribute more to obtain FM status from Jsgenesis.  
*26/01/2022*  
The old Founding Member program officially came to an end.  
With Olympia (the largest testnet release to date) and a new Founding Member program launching, it would also involve wiping some amount of content from the testnet.  
Prior to this upgrade, the testnet, incentives, FM program, KPI system had come together around a nascent, dedicated community and managed to produce a truly staggering amount of activity--including more than 1,400+ on-chain proposals, 3,400+ on-chain memberships, 11,000+ on-chain forum posts, 90+ on-chain forum threads, on-chain elections involving more than $16,000 USD worth of stake, more than 85 workers concurrently working on-chain and being paid automatically by a DAO maintained by more than 50 validators. While also sustaining a storage and distribution network serving more than 5,500 video uploads managed by the DAO.  
*23/03/2022* The announcement[9](#cite-id-ietj7v9usll) was made that Joystream had raised additional $5.85 million, which brings the total fundraise to roughly $13m at a $60m valuation from over 30 investors, among them Digital Currency Group (seed round), Hypersphere, DefiAlliance, and D1 Ventures.  
*23/03/2022* The new testnet, Olympia, started. Its launch was announced by JSgenesis in the blog[6](#cite-id-to9tpcm85d) as "our biggest update yet". It introduced major Runtime, Governance, Onboarding, and Incentives improvements. Pioneer V2 (Governance app) with a new improved interface was released.  
Here are the members of the first elected Council in Olympia:  
![undefined](https://ipfs.everipedia.org/ipfs/QmbuERgNiYP8wLqKB7yLeWBrQam7393yTHJjEpCZwkgFWD)  
With Runtime upgrade, additional features and NFTs were added to the blockchain, as well as the bounty module where any member can add a bounty. A new program Incentives 3.0 was launched, which is the new version of the Founding Members Program.  
*11/05/2022*  
Rhodes was released. Rhodes is not a new blockchain, only an update. Rhodes released the ability to buy and sell video NFTs. Video NFT sales can be set up using 3 types of purchase auctions: English (predefined end date), Open (no predefined end date), and "Buy now" (auction concludes immediately upon a bid matching a predefined asking price). The first NFT[8](#cite-id-o822kt67ovr) on Joystream was created, followed by many others.  
*04/08/2022*  
Was the last day tJOY could be exchanged for BCH by all Joystream community members via cashout tool.  
*10/11/2022*  
The last testnet, Carthage, was launched; and the announcement[7](#cite-id-ypwdgevpwtm) was made by JSgenesis. Allocations of testnet tokens were distributed to all FMs, according to their earnings in the Founding Member Program, and nomination of the tokens started for everyone. For some time, Pioneer and Atlas were unavailable due to the network upgrade. Gateways were introduced. FM program still continued, with mainnet scheduled for December, 2022.  
  
## Ecosystem  
  
### Atlas  
  
Atlas[12](#cite-id-qvup5w1m4pc) is a gateway framework, the easiest way to launch a gateway today. It’s like a software package with tooling and standards, which people in Joystream community can take as an easiest way to build their own video community.  
You can customize, without coding:  
  
* Name and Logo  
* Content Categories  
* Featured Content  
* Terms and Content Policy.  
  
### Pioneer  
  
![undefined](https://ipfs.everipedia.org/ipfs/QmSrfcsLNg72YzWZYTSH3qjbFD7PwaiPCQ3UCA6AxEbp3r)  
Pioneer[13](#cite-id-rlo1mrxbvwk) is the place to participate in community governance and operation. It also has a Forum, where participants discuss topics related to Joystream, as well as other topics. Every action is recorded on blockchain, which makes governance transparent and allows to store the history of membership actions.  
Via Pioneer you can create your membership in Joystream network, transfer you tJoy tokens, apply for working groups and Council, create proposals, vote for them if you are a consul, create Bounties and participate in them, vote for Council candidates on elections, write messages on forum.   
To start using Pioneer you need to create a Joystream membership. This, in turn, requires you to create a Polkadot account using Polkadot.js app first.  
  
### Gleev  
  
Gleev[14](#cite-id-0gk2qzswycb) is the video platform currently under development, run by JSgenesis. It is aimed to be specifically about web3, crypto and blockchain related topics.  
  
## Gateways  
  
Gateways are apps, built on the Joystream system. They re-use the same content, creator pool and assets as Joystream. One of the most powerful features of Web3 in Joystream is that it unlocks the ability for third party developers to build their own apps, using open source tools and APIs, and the network effect is already there. As a gateway operator, you will be able to get paid for the content and for the creators you onboard, because there will be an attribution system.  
Whenever someone makes a channel with some content, the application that publishes that content will be able to buy the metadata that says that this was through app A, B or C. Then the Council will review the implicit revenue that comes from the NFT fees and the Creator token fees, and decide to subsidize the content production through payouts. So it can be a business launching an application and acquiring users and content creators.  
Each gateway can have its own:  
  
* Recommendations and search  
* Viewer monetization  
* Product experience  
* Content focus  
* User acquisition  
* Terms.  
  
## Tokenomics  
  
The valuation of $JOY stands at $60M USD as of the last private transactions for mainnet $JOY, subject to vesting schedules[19](#cite-id-zee0td47jlj). The initial total supply is 1,000,000,000 $JOY, with no supply cap.  
The base unit is called Hapi, equivalent to Satoshis in Bitcoin. There are ten billion (10,000,000,000) Hapi in each $JOY, and hence at genesis there will be 1,000,000,000x10,000,000,000=10^19 Hapi.  
There are two sources of inflation, staking rewards for validators and nominators, and the council minting new tokens out of it's budget, however both are dynamic and constrained.

Joystream is an ecosystem, built on blockchain-based protocol that aims to formalize a shared content platform.  It has a gateway system, which allows creators ...

Joystream DAO

**Rocket Pool** is a decentralized [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) staking platform.[\[1\]](#cite-id-aa2kv8rq6wh)[\[4\]](#cite-id-rtgtvzgjats)[\[5\]](#cite-id-747j0pol8nx) As of October 2022, the protocol has more than 292,736 [Ether](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) staked with around 1,659 node operators and a [Total Value Locked](https://iq.wiki/wiki/tvl) (TVL) of $650.11 million.[\[8\]](#cite-id-uh9pfg3t3zl)[\[9\]](#cite-id-89znd0txl5n)  
  
# $$widget0 [YOUTUBE@VID](dD9G2A4JS2Q)$$Overview  
  
Rocket Pool offers two methods of staking Ethereum staking and running a node which requires a minimum of 16 ETH half the amount needed to run a node or just staking which requires a minimum of only 0.01 ETH. [\[8\]](#cite-id-uh9pfg3t3zl) Rocket Pool's smart contracts have been audited by Sigma Prime, Consensys Diligence, Trail of Bits, and Immunefi Bug Bounty. [\[21\]](#cite-id-66roujlsdov)  
  
## Staking + Running a Node  
  
Ethereum holders can stake Ethereum and run a node with Rocket Pool. Stakers earn both ETH rewards from staking and variable RPL token rewards for providing RPL collateral. The solution is permissionless and allows stakers to run a node by staking 16 Ethereum which is half the minimum needed to solo stake Ethereum. [\[20\]](#cite-id-akbk8mh4v1g)  
  
## Staking  
  
Rocket Pool also allows Ethereum holders to stake with as little as 0.01 ETH. Ethereum holders can deposit as little as 0.01 ETH and receive the rETH liquid staking token. rETH accrues staking rewards over time. The solution is decentralized as a decentralized network of node operators earns rewards for rETH holders. The solution is also non-custodial since node operators do not handle funds. Any penalties incurred by node operators are taken from their earnings rather than rETH holders. [\[20\]](#cite-id-akbk8mh4v1g)  
  
## RPL Token  
  
RPL is the native token of Rocket Pool with a total supply of 18,000,000. It ensures that the system remains trustless, and decentralized and that the community can govern the way it functions. As a form of insurance, RPL can also be staked on a Rocket Pool node.  
  
Since the operators stake RPL, they also receive an additional reward of the same token. This is created by the administered inflation. Operators can stake as much as 150% of the staked ETH’s value. New RPL tokens are minted every 28 days; a period that is called “checkpoint.” RPL is distributed to node operators in exchange for operating on the network. According to Rocket Pool, it purposely manages a 5% inflation rate of the RPL token.[\[13\]](#cite-id-ialaw7crrms)  
  
In November 2021, a new Rocket Pool protocol token has been released and the old Rocket Pool token could be migrated using the Rocket Pool staking website.[\[19\]](#cite-id-l261cei3d2)  
  
### Token Allocation  
  
| S/N | Distribution | (%) | Amount |  
| --- | ------------ | --- | ------ |  
| 1. | Founders & Project | 15% | 2,700,000 |  
| 2. | Investors | 54% | 9,720,000 |  
| 3. | Premined Rewards & Airdrops | 31% | 5,580,000 |  
  
## rETH  
  
Rocket Pool ETH (rETH) is the protocol’s liquid staking token. The rETH token represents an amount of ETH that is being staked and earning rewards within [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) [Proof-of-Stake](https://iq.wiki/wiki/proof-of-stake). As Rocket Pool node operators stake, the resulting rewards increase the value of rETH relative to ETH.[\[19\]](#cite-id-l261cei3d2)  
$$widget0 [YOUTUBE@VID](h1alBzsCD2s)$$  
  
## Launch  
  
Rocket Pool first launched on Ethereum mainnet in November 2021 when the Beacon Chain was a separate chain that ran in parallel to the main Ethereum Proof of Work chain. Later, Rocket Pool became an [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) [Proof-of-stake](https://iq.wiki/wiki/proof-of-stake) (PoS) infrastructure service compatible with staking in [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) after The Merge. The team originally had the release planned for October 6th but decided to delay that due to the discovery of an ETH2 staking issue. This issue was discovered through their bug bounty program and it would have affected not only Rocket Pool if it launched then, but it also affected several live staking platforms as well.[\[14\]](#cite-id-lzdl8lnojn) In its first two days of operations, Rocket Pool had registered 237 node operators across 42 global locations, with 1,088 ETH staked.[\[7\]](#cite-id-2zlb4br2jlg)  
  
## Mainnet Rollout  
  
The Rocket Pool mainnet launch was a staged rollout gradually increasing the protocol’s total value staked. Rollout occurred in 4 short to medium-length phases. Each stage limited the number of minipools and the size of the rETH deposit pool. Once the minipool limit was reached new node operators were not able to deposit until the next phase. Once the rETH deposit pool reached its limit, stakers were not able to swap ETH for rETH until the next phase.  
$$widget0 [YOUTUBE@VID](CM1decziXkQ)$$  
  
## Redstone  
  
Redstone is the name of the Rocket Pool release that includes The Merge compatibility. The Redstone smart node and smart contract release happened before the [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) Merge.[\[17\]](#cite-id-hxduce1oqcr)  
  
### Priority Fee Distributor  
  
After The Merge, smart node operators and their minipool validators became responsible for creating blocks, and in doing so, they began receiving priority fees (also known as tips) which are attached to each transaction. This new distributor made sure these fees are split between the node operator and rETH liquid staking users, just like Beacon Chain rewards previously.[\[18\]](#cite-id-sxs7jrn5zut)  
  
### Rewards System  
  
Node operators in the Rocket Pool protocol were previously required to stake RPL as an insurance promise to the protocol. If they incurred serious penalties, then their RPL stake was penalized. Node operators who staked this RPL were also rewarded every 28 days from the protocol for providing this insurance. With the Merge, nodes have to make an on-chain claim every 28 days and the gas fees depend on how busy the Ethereum network is at the moment the claim is made.[\[18\]](#cite-id-sxs7jrn5zut)  
  
### Smoothing Pool  
  
The new Smoothing Pool is an opt-in feature that collectively pools the priority fees of every member opted into it. This is a way to effectively eliminate the randomness associated with block proposals on the Beacon Chain.[\[18\]](#cite-id-sxs7jrn5zut)  
$$widget0 [YOUTUBE@VID](r4s5Tk8Uwp8)$$  
  
# Protocol DAO (PDAO)  
  
The Rocket Pool Protocol DAO is responsible for a host of settings across the protocol and is run by RPL governance. Protocol DAO can raise and support governance proposals, figure out how to spend the PDAO treasury, and potentially change certain protocol settings. For phase 0, the PDAO will have no direct on-chain power. This is to limit the governance power until it is stable enough to take control. The Core Team will affect this power at the behest of the PDAO.[\[15\]](#cite-id-k06txva0cr)[\[16\]](#cite-id-ndgk2voj34)  
  
# Oracle DAO (ODAO)  
  
The Rocket Pool protocol has two types of nodes, regular bonded nodes and oracle nodes. These node operators make up Oracle DAO. The Oracle DAO is a decentralized network of special nodes in the protocol that operates in a true on-chain DAO made just for Rocket Pool. Members in this DAO can create proposals to invite new members, leave the DAO, earn RPL from the protocol’s tokenomics, and much more. These nodes play a crucial role in relaying information from the beacon chain on ETH2 to Rocket Pool's smart contracts on ETH1.[\[12\]](#cite-id-pjmyca95po)  
  
## Launch Members  
  
* Lighthouse  
* Nimbus  
* Prysmatic Labs  
* [Etherscan](https://iq.wiki/wiki/etherscan) & Beaconscan  
* Beaconcha.in  
* ConsenSys Codefi  
* Blockdaemon  
* Staked  
* Blockchain Capital  
* [Bankless](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bankless-dao)  
* Ethstakers  
* Fire Eyes  
* CryptoManufaktur  
* Rocket Pool[\[14\]](#cite-id-lzdl8lnojn)  
  
# Team  
  
* David Rugendyke - Founder & CTO  
* Darren Langley - General Manager  
* Kane Wallmann - Senior Solidity Engineer  
* Nick Doherty - Senior Blockchain Engineer  
* Joe Clapis - Senior Blockchain Engineer  
* Maverick (Nick Ashley) - Marketing & Community Manager  
  
$$widget0 [YOUTUBE@VID](oxlQX0HyAR0)$$

Rocket Pool is a decentralized Ethereum staking platform.

Rocket Pool

Dopex (DPX) is a decentralized options protocol that uses option pools to enable buying or selling options in a capital-efficient manner for liquidity-contributing participants.[\[1\]](#cite-id-aitebdkgf0d)[\[2\]](#cite-id-2mn0l436s2t)  
  
Dopex runs on the Arbitrum Network, an [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) layer-two scaling solution. The options protocol utilizes dual tokens - DPX and rDPX to coordinate the growth of a new ecosystem in a positive feedback mechanism.[\[6\]](#cite-id-w71xva0xrx)  
  
On February 17, 2022, Dopex launched the Single Staking Option Vaults (SSOVs) that allow users to lock up tokens for a specified period of time and earn a yield on their staked assets.[\[7\]](#cite-id-i7nay4q75b) As of October 2022, the total value locked (TVL) in Dopex was estimated at $23.74 million.[\[3\]](#cite-id-5mu0karnzou)[\[4\]](#cite-id-pclnce3tgx)  
$$widget0 [YOUTUBE@VID](4DeUTbeg0kM)$$  
  
# Overview  
  
Dopex is a decentralized and permissionless options exchange that aims to offer maximum liquidity, fair option pricing, high capital efficiency for sellers, cheaper options for buyers, and incentives for all protocol participants. Dopex was launched on Arbitrum, a layer-two scaling solution of [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum), which leverages Optimistic Rollup technology.[\[8\]](#cite-id-ufgfp940r4m)[\[9\]](#cite-id-58zggn5bm75)  
  
Dopex was founded in June 2021 and is run by an anonymous group of developers. Although the team's size and structure are still undisclosed, many members, including senior developer TzTok-Chad, Casio, Witherblock, and Halko, can be identified via their Twitter accounts. Speaking about Dopex's launch on Arbitrum, Halko said:  
  
> We launched on Layer 2 simply because Ethereum trading fees are too expensive. It’s really important for options trading to keep the costs really low to ensure profitability.[\[10\]](#cite-id-hd0hkhxs7me)  
  
Halko, further speaking on Dopex's product said:  
  
> Single Staking Option Vaults allow us to bootstrap an options market very simply. We don’t want to overwhelm people, so we’re keeping it simple by offering only call options with a few strikes. Plus, building new vaults on new products is very easy, allowing us to expand the product line without introducing complexity. The vaults are also farming yield in the background. People love it; it helps us acquire more users and build a large community.[\[10\]](#cite-id-hd0hkhxs7me)  
  
The project is backed by several anonymous well-known whales from Crypto Twitter, such as [Tetranode](https://iq.wiki/wiki/tetranode), DefiGod, and DCV Capital, a proclaimed collective of angel investors.[\[9\]](#cite-id-58zggn5bm75)  
$$widget0 [YOUTUBE@VID](T3_wEuy9Oeo)$$  
  
# Tokenomics  
  
For the protocol to function synergistically, Dopex uses two tokens:[12]  
  
* **DPX** \- vanilla governance and protocol fee accrual token\.  
* **rDPX** \- rebate token \- also used for protocol usage\.  
  
## DPX  
  
DPX is the limited supply governance token for the Dopex protocol and is used to vote on proposals at the protocol and app levels. After each global epoch, DPX accrues fees and revenue from pools, vaults, and wrappers built over the Dopex protocol in addition to serving as a standard governance token.  
  
The total supply of the DPX token is 500,000.  
  
## rDPX  
  
rDPX is a token minted and distributed for any losses incurred by pool participants. Based on the net value of losses incurred at the conclusion of a pool's epoch, the number of tokens to be issued is calculated. After the period has ended, each pool participant receives a portion of the losses that are established by governance.  
  
rDPX has safeguards in place to prevent valuelessness while also giving the token intrinsic value, even though there is no supply cap.[\[14\]](#cite-id-i479tshzh1b)  
  
# Products  
  
## Single Staking Option Vaults  
  
Single Staking Option Vaults are the main Dopex product. Similar to single-sided staking vaults on other protocols, they allow users to lock up tokens for a predetermined time period and earn a passive yield on their staked assets.[\[10\]](#cite-id-hd0hkhxs7me)[\[15\]](#cite-id-2zzqc10a587)  
There are two sides to the product: stakers and option buyers. At the start and for the duration of each monthly epoch, the stakers deposit and lock liquidity in base assets (ETH, gOHM, DPX, and rDPX) or quote assets (dollar-pegged stablecoins) into a vault. The vault contract then makes premiums by selling call options on the underlying assets and deposits the money in single-staking DeFi pools to increase yield.[\[15\]](#cite-id-2zzqc10a587)  
  
Dopex additionally compensates liquidity providers by using DPX, one of its two native tokens, as payment. Dopex provides a user interface for customers to purchase call options. A user just selects options size, selects strike price, and purchases. Because the call options are European, the buyer can only exercise them before they expire. The buyer makes money at the expense of the staker if the options are "in the money" upon expiration. In contrast, if the options are "out of the money" at expiration, the staker or options seller keeps the money or premium received from the buyer.  
  
Single Staking Option Vaults offer buyers a quick and reasonably priced solution to permissionlessly buy call options on various crypto assets.[\[15\]](#cite-id-2zzqc10a587)  
  
## Option Pools  
  
Option pools allow users to earn passive yield by providing base asset and quote asset liquidity for users who are looking to buy call and put options. The asset underlying a call option is called the base asset, while the asset underlying a put option is called the quotation asset. anyone can use option pools to generate yield by passively selling options to buyers with minimal interaction with the protocol.[\[16\]](#cite-id-qb7gh6hfg3j)  
  
Users simply deposit base or quote assets into a pool to use as liquidity for those wanting to buy call and put options in order to use option pools. At the end of every week or month, pool participants would be able to collect their share of pool holdings including premiums paid for all options relative to the size of the pool as well as additional DPX token rewards at the initial stages as an incentive for providing liquidity.  
  
Therefore, whenever someone purchases an option from the pool, the premium they pay is proportionally split among the option pool's depositors. Along with the premiums, users will also earn additional DPX token incentives. Participants in the pool will get rebate tokens, known as rDPX, which are minted equivalent to 30% of all losses suffered by the pool, in the event that losses are incurred by the pool, which occurs when buyers make a net profit on their option purchases.[\[16\]](#cite-id-qb7gh6hfg3j)  
$$widget0 [YOUTUBE@VID](wJ9w9uaxHmI)$$  
  
## Volume Pools  
  
Dopex refers to volume pools as existing alongside option pools. By providing a 5% discount on all option purchases made using volume pool funds, volume pools are designed to increase the volume within the protocol. Users that deposit money into a volume pool before a weekly epoch, or predetermined time period, can use that money to buy options from any option pool at a 5% discount. For experienced options traders, volume pools present an arbitrage opportunity that allows them to buy options at a discount and quickly arbitrage them against other exchanges for a rapid profit.  
  
To further encourage pool use, volume pool depositors receive DPX token awards in the early stages. Users can withdraw any extra money from the volume pool at the conclusion of each epoch, but they will be charged a 1% fee for not using the money. Holders of DPX governance tokens are eligible to recover all fines as protocol fees.[\[16\]](#cite-id-qb7gh6hfg3j)  
  
## Dopex AMM  
  
The Dopex AMM enables anyone to buy options with the strikes of their choice for upcoming expiries by using assets from the asset pools and the so-called Black-Scholes pricing methodology, which takes volatility smiles into account. The Dopex AMM enables anyone to buy options based on the strikes of their choice for upcoming expiries by using assets from the asset pools and the Black-Scholes pricing algorithm.[\[16\]](#cite-id-qb7gh6hfg3j)  
  
## Atlantic Options  
  
On May 6, 2022, Dopex announced the launch of a new option type - Atlantic Options with the aim of offering new options/DeFi primitive that improve collateral composability and efficiency with a simple working mechanism and practical use cases that include preventing liquidations, setting up “buy the dip” stats, providing bond insurance, setting protocol wide price floors via treasury, and much more.[\[17\]](#cite-id-a6jfic2x4f)[\[18\]](#cite-id-3h3h2aewtn2)  
$$widget0 [YOUTUBE@VID](tXww8pIdds8)$$  
  
# Investors & Partners  
  
Dopex's Investors & Partners include:  
  
* [Tetranode](https://iq.wiki/wiki/tetranode)  
* DefiGod  
* Orthogonal Trading  
* LedgerPrime  
* OrcaTraders  
* Pattern Research  
* Debase  
* SCC Investments  
* DCV[\[1\]](#cite-id-aitebdkgf0d)

Dopex (DPX) is a decentralized options protocol that aims to maximize liquidity, minimize losses and maximize gain.

Dopex 

JPEG'd is a [blockchain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain)-based lending protocol that enables participants to open collateralized debt positions (CDPs) using [non-fungible tokens (NFTs)](https://iq.wiki/wiki/non-fungible-token-nft). The JPEG'd protocol allows users to deposit their NFTs such as [Cryptopunks](https://iq.wiki/wiki/cryptopunks), [Bored Ape Yacht Club](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bored-ape-yacht-club), and [Mutant Ape Yacht Club](https://iq.wiki/wiki/mutant-ape-yacht-club) into a [smart contract](https://iq.wiki/wiki/smart-contract) to mint a [stablecoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin), PUSd. This gives users liquidity on their NFTs and the ability to earn yield in [DeFi](https://iq.wiki/wiki/defi).[\[1\]](#cite-id-5bysj8afezp)[\[2\]](#cite-id-d5b79ymd0w7)[\[3\]](#cite-id-xtjja7yfwaf) 
 
On April 27, 2022, The JPEG'd Protocol was launched and immediately saw a deposit of 50 [Cryptopunks](https://iq.wiki/wiki/cryptopunks) as collateral and obtained a line of credit in less than 12 hours after launch.[\[4\]](#cite-id-ku5auppoczp)[\[5\]](#cite-id-h9z3qq204zj) As of October 2022, the total value locked (TVL) in JPEG'd is approximately $12.16 million.[\[6\]](#cite-id-5upfar463ut) 
$$widget0 [YOUTUBE@VID](QDNujXQfTQw)$$ 
 
# Overview 
 
On March 1, 2022, The JPEG'd project was launched with the aim of bridging the gap between [DeFi](https://iq.wiki/wiki/defi) and NFTs enabling NFT holders to open non-fungible debt positions (NFDPs) using their non-fungible tokens as collateral. In the future, it will expand into all NFTs and see musical artists own the rights to their music as an NFT and obtain a line of credit in the form of $PUSd.[\[7\]](#cite-id-8flbkzgo9a8)[\[8\]](#cite-id-rk46sz05jjp) 
 
The interest rate for loans is around 2% APY and is dynamically adjusted over time to remain competitive. Users also pay a 0.5% withdrawal fee. Both of these fee structures help to power the treasury and incentivize continued liquidity provision. Interest accrues as long as the user has an open debt position, and full repayment is required in order for the user to retrieve their NFT from the JPEG’d vault.[\[1\]](#cite-id-5bysj8afezp) 
 
JPEG’d is founded and advised by The Chad Council. The council has some of the most knowledgeable and reputable people in the DeFi and NFT space. They include [Tetranode](https://iq.wiki/wiki/tetranode), [Dopex](https://iq.wiki/wiki/dopex), The LAO, DC Investor, Carson Cook, and many others. In February 2022, the council announced that they had raised $2 million for 5% of the supply nearly entirely from angel investors.[\[9\]](#cite-id-uixccukjr8j) 
 
In October 2022, JPEG'd announced that the Azuki and [pudgy penguins](https://iq.wiki/wiki/pudgy-penguins) vaults are open for deposits and borrows with 2% borrow rate on PUSd and 5% on pETH.[\[16\]](#cite-id-49xkvzqsa4) 
 
 
$$widget0 [YOUTUBE@VID](zHZTDqZHOpU)$$ 
 
# $JPEG Token 
 
$JPEG is the native utility and governance token of JPEG'd with a total supply of 69,420,000,000. By making proposals and casting votes on them, token holders can participate in governance. Governance consists of adjusting the protocol's settings, such as vault debt limits, and interest rates, or allowing higher credit limits for certain [NFTs](https://iq.wiki/wiki/non-fungible-token-nft). 
 
Initially, $JPEG was designed as a governance token with no intrinsic value that could be used to vote on proposals. The protocol's users can alter a number of variables, such as interest rates and liquidation costs. By encoding it in a [smart contract](https://iq.wiki/wiki/smart-contract), the token can also be used to raise the credit limit of particular NFTs that have been approved by governance.[\[11\]](#cite-id-n95x7tgvep) 
 
## Token Allocation 
 
| S/N | Distribution | Amount | 
| --- | ------------ | ------ | 
| 1. | Team | 20,826,000,000 | 
| 2. | Advisors | 3,471,000,000 | 
| 3. | DAO | 24,297,000,000 | 
| 4. | Donation Event | 20,826,000,000 | 
 
## $PUSd 
 
$PUSd is a synthetic [stablecoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin), native to the protocol. When users initiate an NFDP and transfer their NFT to a JPEG-enabled vault, they always receive their loan amount in $PSUd. As a result, loans may be disbursed without any issues, and the protocol has greater direct control over how it manages and settles debts.[\[1\]](#cite-id-5bysj8afezp) 
 
This [stablecoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin) is designed to be pegged 1:1 with USD and JPEG’d have several mechanisms in place to help ensure that it does, such as liquidity bootstrapping initiatives and partnerships with other protocols, such as [Abracadabra](https://iq.wiki/wiki/abracadabramoney) and Tokemak, to develop Factory Pools on Curve. This allows users to take out their loan in $PSUd and then swap it for other stablecoins like $MIM, $[USDC](https://iq.wiki/wiki/usdc), or $[USDT.](https://iq.wiki/wiki/tether) Users can also earn liquidity provider rewards by adding liquidity to this Curve pool.[\[5\]](#cite-id-h9z3qq204zj) 
 
## $pETH  
 
pETH is synthetic Ethereum native to the JPEG’d protocol. The pETH vaults work identically to the pUSD vaults. Users deposit their NFTs and mints pETH and either becomes a liquidity provider in the Curve pETH / ETH pool or swap their pETH for another asset.[\[17\]](#cite-id-suezeqee9sm) 
 
$$widget0 [YOUTUBE@VID](D11DC1H_UDM)$$ 
 
# Partnerships 
 
## JPEG'd x Olympus DAO 
 
![1_p6PLd9FFgGrZnzZkvQxiwA.png](https://ipfs.everipedia.org/ipfs/QmT5dXcaxbdU8YeqyTQPXDisGbouUjTXvZJj8qSA7Rs5dB) 
On November 12, 2021, JPEG’d announced its launch of Olympus Pro bonds as one of the first NFT-focused protocols to utilize bonds for liquidity. Olympus DAO helped oversee the JPEG launch as a bond program for its ETH/JPEG [liquidity pool](https://iq.wiki/wiki/liquidity-pool). There is an ETH/JPEG liquidity pool on [SushiSwap](https://iq.wiki/wiki/sushiswap), enabling holders of JPEG to purchase or sell their JPEG tokens.[\[12\]](#cite-id-kaz018xbrzd) 
 
## JPEG’d x Tokemak 
 
On November 15, 2021, JPEG’d announced its intentions to pursue various strategies utilizing Tokemak, beginning with launching a “Token Reactor” to deepen JPEG’s liquidity at the token’s launch. Tokemak is a novel DeFi primitive designed to generate sustainable liquidity. Token Reactors are token-specific, Impermanent Loss-mitigating depositories where “Liquidity Providers’’ are incentivized to deposit tokens (OHM, ALCX, SUSHI, etc.), and holders of the native protocol token “TOKE” can stake their TOKE as “Liquidity Directors’’ to direct those assets to DEXs as liquidity.[\[13\]](#cite-id-p98r826p9c) 
 
## JPEG’d x Abracadabra Money 
 
On November 19, 2021, JPEG'd announced its partnership with [Abracadabra Money](https://iq.wiki/wiki/abracadabramoney). The team announced that it was seeding a liquidity pool incorporating MIM, the stablecoin of the Abracadabra protocol.[\[14\]](#cite-id-w2ahoph8z3) 
 
## JPEG’d x DOPEX 
 
On November 23, 2021, JPEG'd announced its integration with [Dopex](https://iq.wiki/wiki/dopex). Dopex is a permissionless, decentralized, and on-chain options protocol that is on the Arbitrum network (layer 2 of Ethereum [mainnet](https://iq.wiki/wiki/mainnet)). They are building an options protocol that will enable, cheap, deep liquidity, and on-chain options in [DeFi](https://iq.wiki/wiki/defi).[\[15\]](#cite-id-u9laso79q2)

JPEG'd is a blockchain-based lending protocol enabling participants to open collateralized debt positions (CDPs) using non-fungible tokens (NFTs).

JPEG'd

Terra is a Decentralized system focused on enhancing the DeFi space through programmable payments in order to drive adoption.

Terra

# What is ARK?  
  
**ARK** is a [decentralized](https://iq.wiki/wiki/decentralized-application) ecosystem designed to increase user adoption of blockchain technology. The ARK Crew, a self-named development team, has outlined clearly in their whitepaper that they plan on bringing blockchain to the masses by building "A Fast Secure Core Technology" with "Practical Services for Real People".  
  
To put it simply, the ARK Crew is creating **a sandbox ecosystem where businesses and other users can create their blockchain** from a clone of ARK in just a few clicks. To make this ecosystem as widely accessible as possible, the Crew is focusing heavily on providing a good user experience and incorporating as many other blockchains and coding languages as possible.[\[3\]](#cite-id-s99cpc12g7p)  
  
# How does it work?  
  
The ARK Crew is building several notable features into their ecosystem – all with the unified, underlying goal of making blockchain more accessible to the world:  
  
* SmartBridges  
* Alternative Programming Languages  
* Push Button Deployable Blockchains  
  
SmartBridges are used to "bridge" separate blockchains together through the ARK core platform. ARK becomes the intermediary between different chains allowing them to communicate with one another and trigger events across chains – something that isn’t currently possible.  
  
**Enabling SmartBridges on a chain is as easy as inserting a snippet of code that ARK provides.**  
  
Exchanges like Coinbase and Shapeshift also benefit from SmartBridges. These platforms can use **encoded listeners** to act as a medium for SmartBridge transactions while still charging their normal transaction fees.  
  
With the integration of **alternative programming languages,** almost any developer can feel comfortable building on top of ARK. As of this writing, ARK already includes support for:  
  
* Python  
* Elixer  
* RPC  
* Java  
* .NET  
* Go  
* PHP/Laravel  
* TypeScript API  
* Nucleic  
* Ruby  
* Swift iOS  
  
R, C, Advanced PowerShell, Rust, Kotlin, and C++ support will be available soon.  
  
**Push button deployable blockchains** can be used to easily fork ARK and create your project. These forks are perfect for start-ups and come with many of the existing ARK features out-of-the-box. Even better, chains deployed through this feature **automatically have SmartBridges equipped.**  
  
ARK Developed a Game and Application with Html5 to launch on ARK Mobile Wallet.[\[1\]](#cite-id-f0dj6v9ihtb)  
  
# Delegated Proof-of-Stake  
  
ARK operates using a Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) consensus algorithm. Unlike Bitcoin, in which miners with expensive rigs secure network transactions, the ARK network is secured by delegates. There are hundreds of potential delegates, but token holders in the ARK ecosystem continuously vote on who gets to be an active, forging delegate. **Only 51 delegates were cut.**  
  
As a token holder, you’re only allowed to vote for one delegate at a time. The **fee to vote/unvote is just 1 ARK,** so it’s advantageous to at least vote once for a delegate you support. The more ARK tokens you own, the more powerful your vote.  
  
Reputable delegates have written proposals in which they document how they will operate. Many of the popular ones include profit sharing from the rewards they receive when they forge new blocks. **If you vote for a delegate with profit sharing, you effectively get dividends over time.**  
  
Other delegates are run to **fund development projects giving voters an equity stake or providing services on applications that may be unprofitable otherwise.** With your vote, the choice is entirely your own.  
  
The ARK ecosystem was launched with **125 million ARK** in the genesis (first) block. Delegates are awarded 2 ARK for each block that they forge, and a block is forged about every 8 seconds.  
  
Assuming the 8-second block time doesn’t change, the scheduled inflation of ARK will be 6.31% in the first year, 5.93% in the second year, and will continue to decrease to 4.02% in the tenth year. This is a much less dramatic drop than both [Lisk](https://iq.wiki/wiki/lisk) and [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ens).  
  
The 8-second block time puts ARK on the faster end of transaction times for cryptocurrencies. To put it in comparison, Bitcoin has 10-minute block times, Litecoin’s are 2.5 minutes, and [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ens) transactions typically take 14 seconds.  
  
Currently, the ARK network can process **25 transactions per block.** The Crew has stated in the whitepaper, though, that they plan on making this more scalable. They’ll do this by lowering the block time and increasing the number of transactions that are in each block.  
  
# Fees  
  
To send ARK, you have to pay a **transaction fee of 0.1 ARK.** This amount is going to change as the network grows and/or becomes more efficient. To register as a delegate, you need to pay 25 ARK and, as I mentioned earlier, casting a vote for a delegate currently costs 1 ARK.  
  
However, with the next core update, these fees will be reduced to:  
  
* ending ARK: 0.01 ARK  
* Voting/Unvoting: 0.02 ARK  
* Registering a delegate: 10 ARK  
  
All fees are paid to the forging delegate who processes the block containing those fees.[\[2\]](#cite-id-4fxer4wf3ja)

ARK is a decentralized ecosystem designed to increase user adoption of blockchain technology.

**Chromia** is a new [blockchain](https://beta.everipedia.org/wiki/blockchain) platform for decentralized applications, conceived in response to the shortcomings of existing platforms and designed to enable a new generation of [dapps](https://iq.wiki/wiki/decentralized-application) to scale beyond what is currently possible. Chromia was previously named Chromapolis. 
 
# Overview 
 
Chromia is a general-purpose platform which is suitable for almost all kinds of dapps. It is particularly well suited to cases requiring high I/O capacity or involving management of complex data sets. Massively multiplayer online game (MMOGs) are an example of such a case. [Blockchain](https://beta.everipedia.org/wiki/blockchain) gaming is becoming increasingly popular, but MMOGs are currently out of reach because no existing [blockchain](https://beta.everipedia.org/wiki/blockchain) platform can support them. Chromia is capable of hosting entire game worlds in the blockchain, making sure that they evolve according to predetermined rules and ensuring that no one can cheat. 
 
Chromia offers the same level of openness, transparency and decentralization as other public blockchains. In Chromia, miners are replaced with providers. Providers own nodes which produces blocks. It has been suggested that the four largest mining pools of both [Bitcoin](https://beta.everipedia.org/wiki/bitcoin) and Ethereum could exert significant control over those networks if they colluded. Chromia aims to ensure that the minimum number of node providers whose collusion would be required to exert such control on Chromia exceeds this number significantly. It can therefore be said that the Chromia model does not tend towards centralization any more than the oldest and most trusted public blockchains. 
 
Chromia provides resources on the decentralized application level: 
 
● Each dapp has its own blockchain (sidechain) 
 
● Fees (collected to maintain nodes) are paid by the dapp as a whole, not by end-users directly 
 
Consequently, dapps are free to implement their own resource management policies, which can be aligned with economic rather than technical needs. 
 
What Chromia is trying to achieve can be compared to cloud computing: an application which redundantly uses multiple cloud hosting providers can be considered a decentralized application, in the sense that failure or censorship of a single cloud hosting provider does not result in a shutdown of the whole application. 
 
### Staking 
 
In November 2020, Chromia team introduced Staking of CHR tokens. Currently, a user can earn governance rewards up to 25% APR . The minimum staking period is 2 weeks. Once a user locks his CHR into a staking contract, It cannot be withdrawn immediately. The withdrawal request takes 2 weeks to process. Additionally, a user can also participate and vote on the governance proposals .[\[7\]](#cite-id-b0pv3d5ts6a)[\[8\]](#cite-id-99xflr8zay6) 
 
# Dapps 
 
There are some interesting [decentralized apps](https://iq.wiki/wiki/decentralized-application) developed on the Chromia Blockchain. Chromia also encourages developers and creators by supporting their ideas via Chromia Innovation Lab. Some of the Dapps on Chromia are listed in the table below -[\[4\]](#cite-id-mdgw8ik7mck)[\[7\]](#cite-id-zonufijtqtl)[\[8\]](#cite-id-usz2tef2tz9) 
 
| Sr | Category | Dapps | 
| --- | -------- | ----- | 
| 1 | Games | My Neighbor Alice, Mines of Dalarnia, Krystopia, Chain of Alliance | 
| 2 | Enterprise | LAC property chain, Lingon, Capchap, Blockchain Nebula | 
| 3 | [Decentralized Finance](https://iq.wiki/wiki/defi) | Hedget | 
| 4 | Fair Applications | Green Assets Wallet, Chromunity | 
 
# Team 
 
Henrik Hjelte – Co-founder/CEO 
 
Or Perelman – Co-founder/COO 
 
Alex Mizrahi – Co-founder/CTO 
 
Jorgem Modin – Chief Solution Architect 
 
Irene Ramon Ferre – Communication & PR Manager 
 
August Botsford – Technical Director 
 
Tian Lin Shao – VP Business Development Asia 
 
# Partnership & Investors 
 
21MCapital, Arrington XRP Capital, Bitscale capital, Bytesize Capital, Factblock, GEM Capital, JRRCrypto, Neo Global Capital, Landshypotek Bank, Tech Mahindra, Stockhom Group Digital Finance, SBAB!, Telia, LANTMATERIET, LHV, Funderbeam.[\[1\]](#cite-id-fytsoi8jkra)[\[2\]](#cite-id-gwj31d4muyu)[\[3\]](#cite-id-o9n8k7o2rtd)[\[4\]](#cite-id-mdgw8ik7mck)[\[5\]](#cite-id-l6vxv2h4cgq)[\[6\]](#cite-id-a9uk9oy3z1t)

Chromia is a new blockchain platform for decentralized applications.

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