Cellframe (CELL) (announced 2021) is an ERC-20 native cryptocurrency token issued on the Ethereum (ETH) Blockchain, to function within Cellframe's ecosystem as the utility digital currency powering Cellframe Network. The Cellframe Network is a quantum-resistant layer-1 network infrastructure that was designed to facilitate, secure, and scale cross-chain transfers among blockchains.^[1]

Company

Cellframe Network, founded in 2017, is a Service-oriented blockchain platform, and a network security ecosystem located in San Francisco, California. This organization was founded as a solution to Blockchain protocols, by providing computer security, distributed ledger technology, and network infrastructure with quantum-safe encryption. This solution allows node operators on the CellFrame Network to power cross-chain swaps and bridges between layer-1 chains allowing assets to flow freely while earning fees in $CELL tokens for facilitating this process.

The company has its number of employees ranging from 11-50, who assiduously ensured that Cellframe was built from scratch without using 3rd party code. Cellframe Network was thus designed such that all the basic elements are built with plain C (programming language) with Python bindings over it so that anyone can code with the convenience of Python and the effectiveness of C-code. ^[2]

Founder & Team

Team

The CellFrame team has been building the CellFrame Network since 2017. The Project leads are experienced entrepreneurs and developers based in Russia. These underground interconnected goal-oriented persons make up the Cellframe's team members and has been steering the Cellframe's ecosystem, in lieu of its pursuit as the Network infrastructure for blockchains. With Dmitry Gerasimov as the Chief Technology Officer, Evgeny Grishakov as the Co-founder, and Sergey Sevantsyan as the Chief Executive Officer, Cellframe Network (powered by its native token ($CELL)), strides to becoming the Network infrastructure for blockchain projects- both existing ones, and other prospecting blockchain projects.

CellFrame: The CTO's Interest

Dmitry Gerasimov, a co-founder of Cellframe Network, functions in the capacity of the Chief Technology Officer within its ecosystem. His foundation in education was as a Physicist, but left science some two decades ago and ventured into Software development. Basically, in the course of his adventure, he focused more on system Software development but through those 20 years had experience in full-stack. Dmitry founded outsource development company, in 2007, that has transformed into blockchain startups in 2017-2018.

Having an educational background as a Physicist introduced Dmitry into the depth of quantum threat. In his words about Quantum threat he said:

I know, thats real and I know why it real- Dmitry Gerasimov

Before that, he had gotten about 7 years of network development experience and had some codebases with his own C (programming language) framework.

This became the bedrock for Cellframe's Virtual private network (VPN) services. This code was also used for blockchain and Cellframe's post-quantum cryptography implementations. ^[3]

Overview

Cellframe is a service-oriented blockchain network that was built close to the hardware, to provide efficiency of use on any machine- from supercomputer to Smart Fridge. The Cellframe Blockchain project represents the fusion of the best solutions for the upcoming challenges of the post-quantum era while offering new progressive ideas to already existing systems.

Post-quantum encryption is a default one to provide the highest level of security. Important to note that Cellframe Framework is not an invention of a new unproven yet essence or technology; Cellframe is only making the blockchain the way it should be done to be called an infrastructure.

The Cellframe Network developed the quantum-resistant blockchain of the new generation based on 100% original C-code, optimized for high load and merge of all the top modern features of existing blockchain technologies.

Cellframe was birthed as a response to challenges which include the dynamics of generating new information and the need to keep a track of the dynamics to growth; the global increase in Quantum computing and the need to bring to bear a functional quantum computer.

Cellframe's vision is that of a blockchain platform with fundamentally broad functionality, that is capable of building and delivering a variety of high-demand, high-load, high-security services. Cellframe is the zero-level protocol for building the services underpinning emergent Web 3.0 business models, adding not only the performance and integration required but also an integral foundation of post-quantum level security. The key innovations are decentralized services, new fine sharding implementation (which offers performance and resilience) combined with a low-level architecture (performance and security), and a high level of modifiability by design (flexibility).
By design, Cellframe’s architecture is a structure with a dual-layer sharding. The first layer (heterogeneous layer) can launch customizable subchains and tokens. On the second layer (homogeneous layer), subchains are organized in Cells. Due to interoperability features, CellFrame aims to build an ecosystem of services where every app (or Decentralized application (DApp)) will have an opportunity to exchange information with another app in a p2p manner.

With a mission is to create a safe decentralized environment sustaining the freedom of the Internet making people more confident and calm in the everyday usage of it, Cellframe, is thus not a blockchain protocol but can be summarized as an infrastructure layer for building a blockchain ecosystem. All existing blockchain solutions can be transferred to Cellframe and get previously unattainable performance and security levels.

In a nutshell, the Cellframe Network is a Blockchain project that represents the fusion of the best solutions for the upcoming challenges of the post-quantum era while making proffering new progressive ideas to already existing systems.

We develop the quantum resistant blockchain of the new generation based on 100% original C-code, optimized for high load and merge of all the top modern features of existing blockchain technologies.

Features of CellFrame

Blockchain Interoperability

CellFrame (CELL) network provides interoperability by using Cell bridges to public blockchains. Users can connect several blockchains into a single system including integration of public blockchains.

Distributed VPN and Content Delivery Network (CDN)

Free to use (torrent base logic of use, bandwidth sharing economy), quantum-safe encryption, DPI resistant ( Artificial intelligence-driven algorithm protects your data from deep packet inspection (i.e. Golden Shield, etc.), throughput is limited only by the number of nodes around the user, traffic management system (traffic flows not the shortest way but the fastest one) . The CellFrame's Virtual private network (VPN) e is ready to launch while its CDN is already a work in progress and in accordance with the ecosystem's plan, will be out soon.

Blockchain framework

The open-source framework for launching fully customizable and scalable subchains within Cellframe's network is scalable and interoperable by design in the Cellframe ecosystem.

Mirror Chains

The mirror chains solution was procured for protecting both the public and private blockchains from terminal attacks and was issued not to affect blockchain performance, help restores its most recent state in case of the attack, and can be used for interoperability features.

Second Layer Solutions

The Cellframe's Network second layer functions on the strength Cellframe Cells. These Cellframe cells act as second layer solutions for existing public chains. Since Cellframe Network is interoperable between native Cellchains, it requires assets and value to flow freely from other Blockchains such as Ethereum (ETH), Polkadot, Cosmos, and Solana. As a means to this end, Cellframe Network has designed a new family of Cellchains, which allow assets from heterogenous blockchains to be held in a wallet with distributed key management, and to then be wrapped as a token that can be transacted with upon any Cellchain.  ^[4]

Audio/ Video streaming

The Cellframe Network's framework is incorporated with the Audio and/or video streaming feature, enabling the protocol for streaming audio and video content across the ecosystem's network, by utilizing the CellFrame's quantum-safe encrypted channel thus not affecting the user's experience. This feature is still currently a work in progress and is about 70 % ready for the Cellframe's users.

Edge Computing

Finally, on the Cellframe Network's feature is its prospecting Edge Computing blockchain feature. This feature (i.e Edge computing) is a form of fog computing carried out on Edge devices such as Smartphones and Laptops as close as possible to the source of the task.

Solutions by CellFrame

Given below are the actual emphatic solution offered by Cellframe Network:

Variability

Usually, Blockchain developers attempt to save every byte of information because a blockchain size often is not a key priority due to the fact that the price of disk space keeps decreasing. On account of flexible structure, CellFrame is not limited to this fact, so it is possible to add a little more byte-fields in the wallet’s address, event headers, signature and public key structure, network protocols, and other shared structures that need to be recognized by software for processing as made available by CellFrame's Variability solution.

Little more byte-fields give us the ability to create more transaction types, signatures, events, wallets, datums, and other data structures on the fly without total code reconstruction, Blockchain structure change, new wallet types issuing, etc. Variability to produce backward compatibility between different versions and prevents version incompatibility.

Security

Security in the CellFrame is achieved mainly due to the variability features- it does not rely on any particular signature algorithm and due to the multi-client use- on a single consensus. If a user uses one specific algorithm, then the stability of this algorithm will determine the stability of the entire system in the context of encryption hacking. Since the Cellframe'e network began working with the concept of a quantum computer and quantum encryption, it was necessary to create a system that will not be dependent on this factor. With similar application to the type of consensus mechanism- CellFrame's task is to create a system where users can quickly change the algorithm of consensus either in the current cell or with the creation of a new one. The entire CellFrame system in its architecture almost does not have third-party code, which also increases the overall security level.

By default, this means that all the code has already been written by CellFrame's Engineers without the use of third-party modules- there are no known vulnerabilities and hacking methods.

Scalability and Performance

Scalability and Performance are functional highlights of the CellFrame's network. Node structure scalability of the Cellframe is robust and limited only by the hardware power. Since we use low-level optimization and organization from scratch, we do the high throughput system with extra good parallelization. The curve of productivity growth related to the hardware power is almost linear. Node capability is planned to handle up to ten signatures without any lags and even up to 100-gigabit traffic if it is equipped with the appropriate number of CPU, RAM, and well-established traffic distribution between them.

The event-driven architecture is making all these possible. There is an I/O grouping (i.e input/output) in such a way that all the same operations are performed in a row in non-blocking mode. This allows us to optimize them at the level of OS's and hardware, and furthermore to optimize I/O additionally due to its grouping in one place. In turn, it allows using Zero Copy technologies (or similar), by sharply reducing the load on so-called “context switching” and it is impossible to work at high speeds without it.

Ecosystem

1. CellFrame Framework

Cellframe is a framework for Blockchain integration as secured by Cryptography. This significant part of Cellframe's ecosystem (i.e Cellframe Framework) allows for the connection of different Blockchains (e.g Ethereum (ETH), Polkadot, and Cosmos, etc.) in one system. It gives room for the creation of smart contracts from several blockchains. this framework builds a mesh-network of users to maintain privacy and freedom of the internet. The creation of isolated proprietary enterprise solutions with access for private users. CellFrame Framework also procures the most advanced encryption to maintain the highest level of security globally. 

Framework Advantages

I. Scalability

The original sharding implementation, as enforced within Cellframe, allows users to launch Blockchain/DAG subchains with variable consensus types in each Cell (shard).

II. Lego for Blockchain

This framework feature allows users to create their own Blockchain solution using the Cellframe's SDK. The Cellframe's support aims to also profer help as needed by users on each step of their Distributed Ledger Technology) T needs.

III. Python over C

With the opening of Python (programming language) API, users are allowed to build simple and elegant blockchain solutions with the performance of the C-code of the kernel.

Blockchain Services

CellFrame Network has proven that the Future of blockchain is to provide services, which range from financial, to technological, educational (e.g Everipedia), and medical services. One of the key elements of the network architecture is to create and manage decentralized Internet services. Smart contracts cannot interact with the resources of the operating system. CellFrame services can use computing power, Internet channel, or disk space, and carry out business logic without a third party. The blockchain service does not have an owner address. To reduce the risk of theft, service cash flow gets distributed between the providers and no one has a private key from a contract with all the funds in it.

The development of blockchain services can be compared to building web scripts and other system services. It is easy, and there is no need to hire expensive Blockchain engineers.

Quantum Threat

The Quantum Threat is a real reality, that poses a challenge to upcoming and current development around blockchain and DeFi (Decentralized Finance). Quantum computer with logical qubits is coming in the next 10-15 years. The NSA (US National Security Agency) and NIST ( National Institute of Standards and Technology) are preparing for this and developing standards for post-quantum cryptography since 2015.

Post-Quantum Encryption by default

CellFrame had successfully implemented several quantum-resistant signatures including finalists of the second round of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) contest, and also aims to implement several more by 2021.

Encryption Variability

Due to current uncertainty regarding perspective post-quantum signatures being truly quantum-resistant, this feature of encryption variability is the one option to build a quantum-safe system truly quantum-resistant system. CellFrame expects that humanity will not invent more than 65’536 digital signature algorithms. For the beginning, the ecosystem has selected the most perspective Post-Quantum algorithms, which include NewHope, NTRU, Frodo, SIDH, and others. One of the most interesting algorithms that we use is the Picnic- a Zero-Knowledge Post Quantum signature. By default CellFrame uses Crystal-Dilithium digital signature.

Quantum Keys

This important feature of the Quantum threat is aimed to be Implemented. According to CellFrame's Technology roadmap, in Q3 2022, this quantum key exchange is stipulated to be actualized.

CellFrame Technology

CellFrame technology consists of the ecosystem's network, the infrastructure of the blockchain structure, and Consensus Mechanisms as described below:

CellFrame Network

The CellFrame Network is comprised of four main components:

• Multi-Party Computation (MPC) Protocol allowing cross-chain bridges
• Post-quantum layer-1 blockchain allowing highly-secure settlements on-chain for large monetary value
• Sub-chains with variable consensus types in each cell (shard) ensuring that the ecosystem is highly scalable.
• Layer-1 governance module allowing stakeholders to vote for economic incentives and parameter changes across the ecosystem.

CellFrame Core

The central code used by CellFrame Network is based on entirely original C-code with its object-oriented programming. Everything else utilized is original i.e the HTTP protocol realization, key exchange, streaming multiplexing, low-level services like VPN, CDN, or edge computing. The CellFrame's team of engineers had stuck to this approach to exclude ready-made hacking tools and speed up network event handling.

Blockchain Structure

The basic idea of CellFrame is multiple subchains, containing Plasma (any blockchain element) inside of syngeneic Cells (also known as shards). ZeroChain is single-line plasmas that work over all the cells and hold inter-cell communications. CellFrame blockchain structure has the following features incorporated into its technology:

I. Blockchain Node

Node is the atomic element of the Decentralized network. Most of the nodes have the same privileges in the system, so it is a “one-rank network.” In the CellFrame network, nodes can share services via Network. Services can use their own identifiers and share blockchain data, whitelisted data, stream channels, and other Cellframe Network feature abilities.

Since everything is developed in a relatively low-level language, we can share instruments for creating services such as VPN and Audio-Video streaming due to effective CPU and memory usage. Post Quantum algorithms are very heavy and to optimize their use with high throughput (1+ M TPS) we have to use Assembler optimization.

II. Nodes Organization

The node organization is performed with the help of a whitelist- a list of nodes with an uplink for each of them, which is copied from node to node. An uplink itself is a node that requests the entire whitelist at the first connection and the non-blockchain data obtained from it is considered to be the preferred one. That means, if the downstream node sends a whitelist conflicting with the parent node, the preference will be given to it. Although at the same time, a list comparison with all other nodes of the network will be required. If an IPV6 white address is available, there is always the possibility of a Peer-to-peer connection to any other node. The uplink during the new node connection is readily determined – the whitelist is downloaded from the so-called “seed nodes” (center nodes), where data is requested by default and then traced to each location, and it turns out to be clear which Internet route is the shortest with the minimum response time. Thus, the nodes will be built into a hierarchical scheme that will roughly repeat the hierarchy of the real Internet. ^[5]

Merging into the network

The following algorithms are utilized to merge nodes into the network:

• Try to connect with root nodes
• When connected, asks them for node whitelists and their IP addresses
• Track nearest nodes according to their white IP addresses, selecting the closest
• Ping them and try to handshake with them to measure the lesser latency and higher speed
• Connect to the 2-5 of the best node
• The 1st node gives you your new id based on a key generated for it.
• Synchronize blockchain with uplink nodes
• Request address, broadcast your node’s public key and services price-lists into the
• zero-level blockchain
• After the key is accepted in the blockchain- the node can share the service.

CellFrame Consensus - Zero-level (Zero Chain)

The Cellframe network has a Proof-of-work-based consensus on the main chain and in the shard’s fuel chain CellFrame uses what the ecosystem calls Zero-Level (or Zero-Chain), which works as a modified (Proof-of-authority) PoA, which ensures that the first block holds only the one datum with general metadata and a set of the root public keys. Every datum following the genesis block must be signed with the root key (genesis block keys). This ZeroChain ensures node reward fairness and makes hash rate-based attacks more difficult to perform. Cellframe also uses an ASIC-Resistant hashing function, so everyone can use their CPU and GPU resources to participate in the mining process.
The motivation behind the proposed system is an intention to create a system that can be used for independent, decentralized applications as well as enterprise solutions. Truly Decentralized services and applications can exchange microtransactions without overloading the system. Due to a built-in payment system, it works cheaper without Smart contracts, in other words, cheaper and more secure.

Besides unprecedented vertical and horizontal performance, variability, and developer-friendly approach, CellFrame aims to achieve this by implementing instruments to reduce the cost of mistake- arbitrary acts. From the start, the system was launched with a combination of Proof-of-Genesis (<1% or total blockchain consensuses) and Proof-of-stake (up 9 10 to 99%) consensus mechanisms.

Node Data Processing

The Processing of Nodes on CellFrame begins from the "Internet" and then this connection proceeds to the node from clients in a pattern described as – C–0, C–1, C–2, and so on. After which, the connections are assigned to a certain worker, also described as w–0, w–1, w–2, and so on.
The number of workers is strictly constant and is usually equal to the physical number of processors in the system. Accordingly, a worker is a separate thread strictly owned by the processor, i.e., executed solely on it.

This allows the system driver to determine that the process is busy with network operations and generate an interrupt from the network card strictly on this processor, which significantly speeds up processing at speeds higher than 1-4 Gbps.

Transaction Structure

There is a CellFrame Tech-scheme of processes going inside of every transaction. The beginning is a statement of a balance from the other Cell, verified by at least three randomly picked up Master Nodes or verified copy of token from ZeroChain. Provided a transaction goes to another cell, the outgoing transaction is verified by the Master Node of the sender’s cell when the income transaction of the receiver is verified by the receiver’s Master Node. Like one bank’s client sends funds to the client of another bank. Each transaction should have at least three outputs- one for the receiver, one for commission (could be zero), and one for change. Outputs also could be open not only for the address but also for one-time keys, signed with closing ring signature- also known as Zero-knowledge transactions.

Sharding

Within CellFrame Network proposed sharding technology as breaking the whole blockchain into specific “shard chains” shards (Cells). These shard chains are composed in such a way, that all the same account information is present within one shard chain. The shard could be limited with size, for example, 1Gb. Sharding will be tied to the topology, and the topology, in turn, is tied to the real network infrastructure. Accordingly, the hit in the desired particular shard is determined by default by its network proximity. If desired, users can define shards by themselves or request to make a new one by default.

However, overcrowded shards may refuse new members to register. All requests for shards occur through messages inside the zero-level blockchain. All the shard events happen in two stages: Declaration and Announcement with at least X blocks between it. For Cellframe it means a minimum time of 10’000 seconds (could be more if the network is not loaded). The declaration could be sent by Master Node or by Root Node. So if somebody wants to beсоme a Master Node, s/he has to send the request to any Master Node mempool, and then it will be presented to the root nodes.

Communication and Network Protocols

All communications are performed with the usage of the DAP SDK framework, an event-driven system, that gives the ability to process a lot of I/O (input/output) operations in one thread. It starts by default the thread number equal to CPU count and assigns them exclusively to processing cores. The same technique is used by the popular web server Nginx that gives it a huge amount of same-time connections processed and served. We expect to have the same profit.

Blockchain Insurance- Mirroring

The ZeroChain does not require token implementation for successful operation as it is based on proof-of-Genesis consensus and there is no mining from a traditional point of view. All decisions regarding block formation are made by initially authorized nodes and this chain stores only necessary technical information and do not store address balances, so it does not affect the security of launched Cells. All significant interactions in the network occur inside the Cells and in the case of inter-cell communication. such as asset transfer operations are conducted via the Peer to Peer (P2P) approach only and therefore not required to add additional records on zeroChain. Each cell is a pseudo-independent chain that is included in the overall ecosystem by inter-cell interactions.

Thus, each network has its own consensus based on flexible POS (or DPOS/POA if required) that can be configured if necessary by a chain initiator.^[6] 

Tokenomics

Cellframe (CELL) is an ERC-20 native cryptocurrency token issued atop the Ethereum (ETH) Blockchain and utilized within CellFrame's Network. The token's ticker is denoted as $CELL and it has a Total Supply of 30,300,000 CELL.

The token registered an All-Time High of $7.21 USD on March 25, 2021, and an All-Time-Low of $0.969894 USD on March 21, 2021. The token has been listed and is currently tradeable on Cryptocurrency Exchanges. Currently, the most active market trading $CELL is Uniswap (v2) Cryptocurrency Exchange. ^[7]

Token Utility

Cellframe (CELL) tokens utility includes:

• Allowing users to become a master node, bridge node, service node, fisherman, or any other role that requires Staking.
• Delegating a user's stake for a service node that has no such stake and get some percent from its profit.
• Also, it could be used to exchange it on another CellFrame powered tokens that could (and should) appears in feature, to pay for dedicated security services and just for savings as usual.

Token Allocation

The Cellframe (CELL) token allocation is given below:

Fundraise & ICO

The total raise of $1.2m USD and an initial Market capitalization of $0.5m is almost too low for the project’s stated goal of building out an entire ecosystem. A total of $900m USD was received at a token sale of $0.10 USD per $CELL token. ^[8]

The Fundraise was done fairly as there was only one presale round with the same price for all parties involved, including TrustSwap's launchpad and Uniswap. The team and advisors have a 6m USD cliff. Three rounds were eventually conducted, which were the Venture round, TrustSwap Round, and the Public Round with $CELL token sold at $0.10 USD. Private investor tokens were not vested. Details on $CELL tokens fundraise is given below:

Advantages of CellFrame

Utilizing Cellframe's Network infrastructure, proffer its users with the benefits. There are a lot of pros of using the Cellframe among which are:

• Extra-long deposits;

• Fully anonymous network access with custom hope number,

• High speed and low costs;

• Simple and easy for verification Smart Contracts+;

• Quantum-Safe cryptocurrency exchange;

• Quantum-Safe for IoT.

With a target audience for the worldwide global market of blockchain industry project, CellFrame aims to provide perspective tech innovations for ensuring the safe future of the industry and plan to offer services to have at least five at the start including KelVPN, IoT, Smart Contracts+, Distributed Computing, Audio/Video Streaming. ^[9]

Partner & Investor

Cellframe has strategically partnered with Pharmaceutical companies, Finance-based advisory bodies, crypto-firms, and Tech-Organizations such as Spark, Prometheus Labs, Moonwhale Ventures, 3Commas, Kairon Labs, Exnetwork community, and Cspdao lead a solid group of experienced and well-known investment entities in the space with high-level community support. ^[10]

Conclusion

The protocol’s structure is conceptualized as a zero-level layer for blockchains and distributed systems and it can, as it aims to solve several existing challenges in the space including scalability, security, and flexibility. CellFrame is capable of providing modifications to solve any future blockchain issue without negatively impacting scalability or performance. ^[11]