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**USDD** (decentralized USD) is a [stablecoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin) and digital asset launched by [TRON](https://iq.wiki/wiki/tron) [DAO](https://iq.wiki/wiki/dao) on [BNB Chain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/binance-smart-chain), [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum), and [TRON](https://iq.wiki/wiki/tron) on May 5, 2022. [\[1\]](#cite-id-v1ug2j8dc0i)[\[2\]](#cite-id-34ta8zvm9w7)[\[3\]](#cite-id-91ey3njaz)[\[4\]](#cite-id-exhxf1l3c47)  
  
$$widget0 [YOUTUBE@VID](Pnu_-9oxT8k)$$  
  
# History  
  
## Open Letter  
  
Founder of [TRON](https://iq.wiki/wiki/tron), H.E. [Justin Sun](https://iq.wiki/wiki/justin-sun), announced the launch of USDD, a decentralized USD [stablecoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin) in an open letter[\[5\]](#cite-id-ccts4rsqy1j) on Twitter on April 21, 2022. In the open letter, USDD is described as bringing about Era 3.0 of stablecoins which is characterized by complete decentralization and the end of reliance on centralized institutions to ensure price stability. [\[6\]](#cite-id-0aon3hqxstld)[\[7\]](#cite-id-jz9ib2bpcc)  
  
Era 1.0 refers to the initial stage of stablecoin development, exemplified by USDT, one of the first stablecoins, which was created on [Bitcoin's](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin) network using the Omni Layer. However, due to its implementation on the Bitcoin network, Era 1.0 faced challenges such as low throughput, resulting in slow USDT transfers. Additionally, transaction fees were relatively high, and centralized institutions managed the US dollar reserves backing USDT. [\[7\]](#cite-id-jz9ib2bpcc)  
  
Era 2.0, referred to as the "TRON-based USDT 2.0 era" in [Sun's](https://iq.wiki/wiki/justin-sun) open letter[\[5\]](#cite-id-ccts4rsqy1j), involves the utilization of an independent decentralized layer on the [TRON](https://iq.wiki/wiki/tron) network to process transactions. The advancement enables faster transfers and reduced handling fees due to increased throughput. However, it's important to note that reserves and custodianship continue to be centralized. [\[7\]](#cite-id-jz9ib2bpcc)  
  
In Era 3.0, the focus is on a decentralized algorithmic [stablecoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin), where on-chain algorithms are employed to manage volatility. This approach aims to provide individuals with access to a stablecoin that has achieved full decentralization. [\[6\]](#cite-id-0aon3hqxstld)[\[7\]](#cite-id-jz9ib2bpcc)  
  
## Launch  
  
On May 5, 2022, USDD was launched by [TRON](https://iq.wiki/wiki/tron) DAO with an initial supply of 100 million.[\[8\]](#cite-id-7jq7yak7tjw) It was made available on [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) and [BNB Chain](https://iq.wiki/wiki/binance-smart-chain) via BitTorrent’s (BTCC) cross-chain protocol. The rollout of the stablecoin is in four phases (Space, International Space Station, Moon, and Mars), leading to the launch of USDD [Mainnet](https://iq.wiki/wiki/mainnet). [\[9\]](#cite-id-w19s4t6n9x)  
  
USDD is an algorithmic stablecoin managed directly by [TRON](https://iq.wiki/wiki/tron) [DAO](https://iq.wiki/wiki/dao) and is set to be pegged to the US Dollar at a 1:1 ratio, which means that the value of the digital currency is tied to the value of the US dollar.  
  
# Technology  
  
## Over-collateralization  
  
USDD is collateralized by $580 million worth of TRX (TRON's native crypto), $235 million of [BTC, ](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitcoin-btc)and $442 million of USDT. This basket of assets accounts for over 200% of the value of USDD in circulation. Therefore, each USDD in the market is backed by more than twice its value. This over-collateralization is aimed at preventing the [de-pegging](https://iq.wiki/wiki/currency-peg) of the USDD to the USD. [\[10\]](#cite-id-bt6jq98172d)  
  
## Mint & Burn Mechanism  
  
When USDD’s price is lower than 1 USD, users can burn 1 USDD in return for 1 USD worth of TRX. And when USDD’s price is higher than 1 USD, users can burn 1 USD of TRX for 1 USDD. This is meant to keep the USDD pegged 1:1 to the USD. [\[11\]](#cite-id-2jhrnvk9ngq)[\[10\]](#cite-id-bt6jq98172d)  
  
## ![Screenshot 2023-05-24 175746.png](https://ipfs.everipedia.org/ipfs/Qmbwrbrqtdw52BSfCtoFLycyoiCMUbzxna64V8iKjkmE2A)  
  
## Peg Stability Module (PSM)  
  
USDD provides a "Peg Stability Module" (PSM), which is an open-source software enabling users to exchange tokens between USDD and other stablecoins like USDT or USDC at a fixed 1:1 rate, with no price slippage. Users receive the exact amount of [cryptocurrency](https://iq.wiki/wiki/cryptocurrency) they expect when initiating the transaction.[\[10\]](#cite-id-bt6jq98172d)[\[11\]](#cite-id-2jhrnvk9ngq)  
  
## Super Representatives  
  
The Super Representatives are 27 TRX token holders within the TRON network who contribute to maintaining the price stability of USDD. They play a role in mitigating the impact of high volatility on the [stablecoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin) through a specific mechanism. The selection of Super Representatives is a reversible process, where interested TRX holders can apply for the position and are voted upon by the TRX community. [\[11\]](#cite-id-2jhrnvk9ngq)  
  
# USDD Stablecoin Dip  
  
Shortly after its initial launch on May 5, 2022, the USDD coin price fell to $0.93, sparking concern among investors. TRON DAO Reserve shed light on the situation by publishing a series of tweets claiming that it’s acceptable for a [stablecoin](https://iq.wiki/wiki/stablecoin) to go through periods of high volatility (“within +- 3%”). The claim was also supported by some crypto experts, while others remained skeptical. The token showed higher volatility for several days after its launch until the end of July 2022, when things stabilized.[\[12\]](#cite-id-2cels0xsgon)[\[11\]](#cite-id-2jhrnvk9ngq)  
  
In November 2022, the USDD [depegged](https://iq.wiki/wiki/currency-peg) slightly again, falling to below $0.97 at one point due to the [FTX](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ftx) collapse. The USDD liquidity pool on the [DeFi](https://iq.wiki/wiki/defi) protocol [Curve](https://iq.wiki/wiki/curve-finance) saw a significant imbalance, with almost 80% of the pool comprising USDD. More people wanted to sell USDD than buy it.[\[13\]](#cite-id-2tjzyhkbfjn)[\[11\]](#cite-id-2jhrnvk9ngq)  
  
[Justin Sun](https://iq.wiki/wiki/justin-sun) addressed the situation, tweeting[\[14\]](#cite-id-pulohctaar) that it was most likely due to [Alameda Research](https://iq.wiki/wiki/alameda-research) (a crypto hedge fund headed by [FTX’s](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ftx) [Sam Bankman-Fried](https://iq.wiki/wiki/sam-bankman-fried)) selling their USDD to cover FTX’s liquidity issues and that the pool had regained balance.[\[11\]](#cite-id-2jhrnvk9ngq)[\[13\]](#cite-id-2tjzyhkbfjn)  
  
<br>  


On April 21, 2022, H.E. Justin Sun, announced the launch of USDD, a decentralized USD stablecoin in an open letter on Twitter 

Open Letter

On May 5, 2022, USDD was launched by TRON DAO

USDD Launch

In November 2022, the USDD depegged, falling to below $0.97 at one point due to the FTX collapse

USDD Depeg

Justin Sun

Pnu_-9oxT8k

Screenshot 2023-05-24 175746.png

USDD is a decentralized USD stablecoin launched by TRON on BNB Chain, Ethereum, and TRON networks, aimed at overcoming limitations of earlier stablecoins.

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