Decentralized Applications (dApp, Dapp, or DApp) are designed as open-source projects that run on top of a blockchain network. The distributed nature of these networks provides users with transparency, decentralization, and resistance to attacks.

Decentralized applications fuel their own activity through a tokenized system (digital tokens created through the use of smart contracts). Tokens can be specific for a particular DApp (the Steem token used on Steemit), or they can be native to the blockchain that hosts the DApp, like in the case of CryptoKitties using ether (ETH)^[1].

A variety of DApps that have been created includes gaming, social media platforms, cryptocurrency wallets, and financial applications DeFi (Decentralized Finance)^[2].

Overview

Decentralized applications have existed since the advent of P2P networks. They are a type of software program designed to exist on the Internet in a way that is not controlled by any single entity.

Decentralized applications don’t necessarily need to run on top of a Blockchain network. BitTorrent, Popcorn Time, Bitmessage, and Tor, are all traditional DApps that run on a P2P network, but not on a Blockchain (which is a specific kind of P2P network). Blockchains, in particular, are most often used for creating the reward and incentive systems just mentioned by associating with the app a token, or unit of cryptocurrency, that is provided in exchange for contributing value to the app^[6].

As opposed to simple smart contracts, in the classic sense of Bitcoin, that send money from A to B, DApps have an unlimited number of participants on all sides of the market^[4].

Difference between DApps & Smart Contracts

DApps are blockchain-enabled applications, where the smart contract is what allows it to connect to the blockchain. The easiest way to understand this is to understand how traditional websites operate.

The traditional web application uses HTML, CSS, and Javascript to render a page. It will also need to grab details from a database utilizing an API. When you go onto Facebook, the page will call an API to grab your personal data and display them on the page.

• Traditional websites: Front End → API → Database

Decentralized applications are similar to conventional web applications. The front end uses the exact same technology to render the page. The one critical difference is that instead of an API connecting to a Database, you have a Smart Contract connecting to a blockchain.

• DApp enabled website: Front End → Smart Contract → Blockchain

As opposed to traditional, centralized applications, where the backend code is running on centralized servers, DApps have their backend code running on a decentralized P2P network.

Decentralized applications consist of the whole package, from the backend to frontend. The smart contract is only one part of the DApp: Frontend (what you can see), and the Backend (the logic in the background).

A smart contract, on the other hand, consists only of the backend, and often only a small part of the whole dApp. That means if you want to create a decentralized application on a smart contract system, you have to combine several smart contracts and rely on 3rd party systems for the front-end.

DApps can have frontend code and user interfaces written in any language (just like an app) that can make calls to its backend. Furthermore, its frontend can be hosted on decentralized storage such as Swarm or IPFS.

Blockchain DApps

For an application to be considered a DApp in the context of Blockchain, it must meet the following criteria:

• The application must be completely open-source It must operate autonomously, and with no entity controlling the majority of its tokens.
• The application may adapt its protocol in response to proposed improvements and market feedback, but the consensus of its users must decide all changes.
• Application’s data and records of operation must be cryptographically stored in a public, decentralized blockchain in order to avoid any central points of failure.
• The application must use a cryptographic token (Bitcoin or a token native to its system) which is necessary for access to the application and any contribution of value from (miners/farmers) should be rewarded with the application’s tokens.
• The application must generate tokens according to a standard cryptographic algorithm acting as a proof of the value, nodes are contributing to the application (Bitcoin uses the Proof of Work Algorithm).

The development process of DApps: whitepaper & prototype

A whitepaper is published describing the DApp and its features. This whitepaper can outline the idea for DApp development but also entail a working prototype.

There might be a token sale: Initial tokens sale is set up or also called Initial Coin Offering (ICO) by which the ownership stake of the DApp is spread. Launch funds are invested in building the DApp and deploying it.^[5]

DApp Licences

Operating under an open-source license allows DApps to be open for innovation without restrictions of copyright or patent. Also, by being completely open-source, decentralized applications can operate under the legal model of open-source software. Bitcoin, for example, uses the MIT open-source software license.

Capable Platforms for Dapps

EOS, Ethereum, TRON, IOST, Steem (blockchain) and other similar blockchains intend to create a protocol for building decentralized applications. These are platforms you can use now to deploy a full-featured application, to a relatively broad community, with relatively available developer tools.

Those kinds of blockchains provide developers with a foundational layer: a blockchain with a built-in Turing-complete programming language, allowing anyone to write smart contracts and decentralized applications where they can create their own arbitrary rules for ownership, transaction formats, and state transition functions.

Dapps can be browsed on marketplaces such as State of the DApps, Dapp.com, Holdex, DAppRadar and CoinGecko.

Popular DApps

• Uniswap
• MindSwap
• Augur
• PredIQt
• Polymarket
• MetaMask
• Sense Chat^[3]
• Pancakeswap
• Axie Infinity
• Opensea
• Rarible
• Sandbox
• Aave

dApps and web3 apps

Web3 is the World Wide Web of the crypto-sphere, and a web3 app is any application built using blockchain technology. You can connect to a web3 app with a crypto wallet. There are many different kinds of web3 apps, from games to DeFi to NFT platforms.

A dApp is a specific type of web3 app. All dApps are web3 apps, but not all web3 apps are dApps, because not all web3 apps are decentralized. However, the terms are used interchangeably. all dApps and web3 apps are connected with a crypto wallet.

For a web3 app to be considered a dApp, the power to make changes to the application must be distributed amongst several parties. Many dApps employ DAOs in order to govern the application in a decentralized way.^[7]

Convergence of AI and dApp

The convergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Web3 technologies is paving the way for a new era of decentralized applications (dApps) that are smarter, more interactive, and highly secure.

AI’s capability to process vast amounts of data and learn from interactions makes it a valuable asset in Web3. From AI-driven smart contracts that execute tasks autonomously based on data-driven decisions to enhancing user interactions through personalized experiences, AI is transforming how dApps operate.

AI-enabled dApps are becoming increasingly prevalent in the Web3 space. These applications utilize AI to offer innovative solutions such as automated financial advice, predictive market movements, and more. The integration of AI not only enhances the functionality of these dApps but also improves user engagement and trust.

Developing AI Web3 dApps comes with its set of challenges, including scalability issues due to the vast amount of data processed and inherent security concerns that arise from complex integrations between AI and blockchain technologies.

While AI can significantly enhance the security of dApps by detecting and mitigating potential threats automatically, it also introduces new vulnerabilities, particularly in data handling and privacy.

And also, integrating AI with blockchain in dApps requires careful consideration of interoperability and data consistency. Developers must ensure that both technologies work seamlessly together to deliver the intended functionality.^[8]

dApp with Large Language Model (LLM)

Deficiencies of Traditional DApps

Traditional decentralized applications (DApps) operate on decentralized networks such as blockchain and are executed via smart contracts. However, these applications have revealed several significant shortcomings in actual operation.

Firstly, traditional DApps have high operational costs and limited scalability. Storing data on the blockchain is usually expensive, especially for data-intensive DApps where storage fees constitute a considerable operational cost. Additionally, every transaction requires a gas fee, which can accumulate over time, affecting the economic feasibility of DApps that involve frequent transactions.

Secondly, traditional DApps are not user-friendly for the average person. Compared to centralized applications, using DApps requires users to have a certain level of Web3 knowledge, increasing the usage barrier. Furthermore, the user interface of DApps is often rudimentary, reducing the overall user experience.

DApp 2.0

DAgent, proposed by BytomDAO, represents DApp 2.0 and leverages large language model (LLM) technology to address the challenges faced by traditional decentralized applications (DApps). While DApps typically run on blockchain networks and use smart contracts to automate code execution, they face limitations such as scalability issues, high user experience barriers, expensive data storage costs, and transaction fees.

D-Agent signifies the next generation of DApps, not just as a technological innovation but as a leap in design philosophy and user interaction. By integrating large language model (LLM) technology with the advantages of blockchain, D-Agent achieves several key breakthroughs in technological implementation and functional application:^[9]

• Innovative Interaction Model: Users complete tasks through natural language conversation, reducing the usage barrier and allowing non-specialists to easily participate, thereby greatly expanding the audience for decentralized applications. 
• Cost Optimization: Model execution is handled off-chain, converting the high gas fees of on-chain operations into relatively economical GPU runtime costs. Meanwhile, crucial data is stored on-chain in vector form, ensuring data verifiability and trustworthiness. 
• Efficient Information Processing: Real-time integration of off-chain data and customizable plugins enhance the application’s information processing capabilities, enabling D-Agent to adapt to a broader range of application scenarios and complex needs. 
• Smart Application Proliferation: The Chain-of-Thought method reduces development difficulty, promoting the rapid development and deployment of various intelligent applications and fostering the diversification of the Web3 ecosystem. As a result, thanks to BytomDAO’s vision and the accompanying services and DAgent suite, AI-based DApps will become increasingly personalized in the future, potentially serving individual users exclusively.