Internet Computer (ICP)
Internet Computer is a blockchain network that allows the creation of web-based services on a secure and decentralized protocol. The Internet Computer is powered by the Internet Computer Protocol (ICP) token formerly known as DFN, which enables users to re-create the web and power apps in a more propagated form, pay fees for transactions on the blockchain (serves as a gas for transactions), reward participants or data centers and make governance decisions where holders can vote on the future of the network. The ICP token is a utility token that plays a key role in the Internet Computer network. [8] [9] [3]
History
In early 2016, Internet Computer came as an idea conceived by Dominic Williams, the chief scientist and founder of DFINITY. DFINITY is a not-for-profit digital foundation that developed and maintained the Internet Computer project for 5 years before its official launch. [5] [6] Until 2018, funding rounds were conducted for Dfinity which raised about $121 million from contributors namely Andreessen Horowitz, Polychain Capital, Aspect Ventures [16], including an initial coin offering (ICO) in 2017 before the network token was distributed. The tokens worth about $35 million were released via an airdrop [13] in 2018.
By 2019, the full development of the token started with the release of Copper and the ICP went live in May 2021. It enabled the reach for blockchain singularity. That is a blockchain that is able to run the web from hostage to storage and services, having everything in a secure protocol without the interference of a third party. Ethereum alike, ICP allows the launch of decentralized applications (DApps) in its network but makes use of the upgraded version of smart contracts (as present in blockchains like Ethereum) in the ICP network called Canisters. [14]
According to the founder, the Internet Computer Protocol (ICP) token symbolizes the third major innovation in blockchain technology after Bitcoin and Ethereum. This innovation is perceived as one evolving the internet into its next big event.
"Internet Computer has come to put an end to big tech monopolies and replace the overly circulated cloud service system with a more decentralized world network and having an eye on becoming an extension of the internet" - Dominic Williams
Overview
Internet Computer (ICP) was launched in 2021 by Dfinity Foundation, founded by Dominic Williams. The network is designed to allow all developers, enterprises, and business owners to build and deploy software on the "open internet". The creators plan to replace and improve the private internet infrastructure to one that eliminates the need to totally rely on security platforms and existing technologies. The main idea, therefore, is to have a decentralized global network powered by blockchain technology that is fast enough to support and run the entire base layer of the web, including Web 3 and DeFi applications. [12]
The Internet Computer operates on a technology called Chain Key Technology which consists of other systems namely Network Nervous System (NNS), Internet Identity, and Threshold Relay Consensus among others. Thousands of nodes run to secure the network which forms subnets when grouped. These subnets have a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) mechanism such that the more tokens are staked the more the reward. [11]
Network Nervous System (NNS)
The Internet Computer is governed by the NNS, which stands as one of the largest DAOs in the world. Operating as a completely on-chain, permissionless system, it facilitates continuous upgrades to the Internet Computer through the voting of ICP token holders. [19]
Staking
The NNS allows users to create voting neurons by staking ICP governance tokens, which serves as a mechanism for the community to express their collective will through algorithms. Neurons act as accounts and require notice of withdrawals, with the dissolve delay configuration determining the notice period. Neurons' voting power and relative claim to voting rewards are determined by the staked ICP quantity, dissolve delay, and age. Neurons can vote manually or automatically by following other neurons, allowing for liquid democracy. Proposals in the NNS are decided through a voting process involving neurons created by community members who stake ICP tokens. Token holders earn rewards by locking staked ICP tokens in these neurons, which have a fixed notice period before withdrawals can be made. Neuron owners can configure the dissolve delay for up to 8 years, but the neuron must have a dissolve delay of at least 6 months to qualify for voting. [20][25]
Neuron holders participate in a crypto-economic game that incentivizes them to vote for or against proposals or to configure neuron follows to automatically vote in a way that drives the long-term value of the Internet Computer network. [20]
Tokenomics
There are two native tokens involved in the Internet Computer network, and they include:
- ICP - an exclusive control token for managing the network
- Cycles - a stablecoin used to support computation, similar to the "gas fee" for Ethereum. Just that users do not need to pay the gas fee when working with Canisters unless transactions are involved.
ICP tokens can be locked in the Network Nervous System (NNS), an algorithm protocol system that runs the network. They can also be converted into cycles, as the gas fees for computation using containers. This process involves burning ICP tokens to convert to Cycles for computation and it is termed deflationary.
ICP Functionality
The ICP token helps with the operation of the Internet Computer blockchain and the following outlines its core use cases. [22]
- Node Provider Rewards: Node providers on the Internet Computer blockchain receive ICP rewards for offering compute/storage infrastructure. The flat monthly reward is calculated in fiat and paid in ICP tokens, ensuring a constant cost for running a node. The reward varies slightly based on geographical location to encourage a wider distribution of nodes. Node providers receive rewards as long as they maintain the right quality of service, and the rewards are paid by minting new ICP tokens, causing inflation.
- Governance: ICP token holders can create Neurons by staking (locking) their tokens. Neurons enable token holders to secure voting rights via the Network Nervous System (NNS), an on-chain open governance system. NNS allows neuron holders to vote on proposals related to upgrading the IC protocol and software, onboarding new node providers, adding node machines, and creating new subnet blockchains. Neurons can follow other neurons to delegate voting power, and holders receive rewards for participating in governance through the voting process. These rewards are paid by minting new ICP tokens, causing inflation.
- Fuel for Computation/Storage: Canister smart contract computations on the Internet Computer blockchain are powered by "cycles," which are obtained by burning ICP tokens, similar to "gas" on Ethereum. However, unlike Ethereum's "user pays" model, the Internet Computer uses a "smart contract pays" or "reverse gas" model, where Canister smart contracts are pre-charged with cycles, enabling them to pay for their own computation. This frees users from the responsibility of paying for gas with each transaction. Burning ICP utility tokens generate cycles, causing deflation.
- Transaction/Proposal Fees: ICP holders are charged a small transaction fee in ICP when transferring their tokens between wallets, and a small fee when submitting proposals to the NNS. These fees are burned as part of the transaction, contributing to deflation.
ICP Burns Cycle Analysis
BTC<>ICP Mainnet Integration
The integration of Bitcoin into the Internet Computer merges Bitcoin's liquidity with the IC's smart contract capabilities. Following its launch on the mainnet, this integration offers advanced smart contract functionality to Bitcoin. With this development, the Internet Computer can serve as a Layer 2 platform for Bitcoin, enabling smart contracts on the IC to natively hold, send, and receive Bitcoin without the need for intermediaries such as blockchain bridges or third parties. [23]
Internet Computer Footprint
The Internet Computer (IC) ecosystem recently implemented NNS Proposal #55487, a community-authored proposal aimed at establishing a sustainability policy and carbon footprint for the blockchain. As a result, the team at Carbon Crowd initiated the development of the Internet Computer Footprint project, which seeks to reduce the carbon footprint of the underlying digital infrastructure of the Internet Computer. [24]
Funding
The project was financially supported by various contributors, including Andreessen Horowitz, Polychain Capital, SV Angel, Aspect Ventures, Electric Capital, ZeroEx, Scalar Capital, and Multicoin Capital, raising a total of $121 million. The DFINITY Foundation carried out an airdrop of ICP tokens to over 50,000 registered participants in 2018. [21]
On December 18, 2020, the alpha mainnet of the Internet Computer was launched by DFINITY, and it was later made public on May 10, 2021. As a result, the source code of the Internet Computer was released, and the ICP utility token's transaction and governance functionalities were also introduced. [21]
Recent Developments
ckBTC Integration with Cosmos
In September 2024, a cross-chain connection was established between the Internet Computer blockchain and the Cosmos ecosystem. This development involves ckBTC, a Bitcoin-backed token issued on Internet Computer, and the decentralized exchange Osmosis. The integration is supported by Omnity, an interoperability protocol designed to enable communication between distinct blockchain networks.
The integration enables ckBTC to be transferred into the Cosmos ecosystem through Osmosis. Unlike conventional bridging mechanisms that rely on custodians or synthetic representations, this implementation uses smart contracts on Internet Computer—referred to as canisters—to validate cross-chain transactions. Omnity facilitates this by verifying consensus states across networks without the need for centralized infrastructure.
As part of this arrangement, Osmosis becomes the first decentralized exchange within the Cosmos ecosystem to include ckBTC in its listings. This allows for the asset to be traded and included in liquidity pools on the platform. The integration extends the operational scope of ckBTC beyond its original network, enabling interaction with decentralized applications and protocols that utilize the Inter-Blockchain Communication (IBC) protocol. The bridging process utilizes Internet Computer’s native Bitcoin integration combined with smart contract automation, supporting asset transfers without intermediaries. This configuration reflects a broader effort to connect blockchain environments while preserving decentralization principles. [29] [30] [31]
Cambodia Partnership and Smart City Collaboration
In September 2024, the DFINITY Foundation signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Cambodia's Ministry of Post and Telecommunications (MPTC). The agreement outlines a collaborative framework intended to support the integration of blockchain and artificial intelligence technologies into Cambodia's digital infrastructure initiatives.
The partnership includes plans for the creation of a national blockchain center, provisionally titled the "Cambodia Blockchain Hub." This facility is intended to serve as a development and training environment, with activities such as software development workshops, educational programs, and collaborative research in decentralized technologies.
One of the stated goals is the implementation of blockchain systems in public sector contexts, including identity verification mechanisms, digital service delivery, and administrative interoperability. The Internet Computer (ICP) protocol will be used as a foundational layer for experimentation and system deployment.
The collaboration also includes exploration into AI applications, particularly the deployment of autonomous agents operating on-chain. Additional components of the initiative involve community-focused efforts such as hackathons and capacity-building events aimed at increasing technical engagement in the region.
This cooperative effort represents a formal engagement between a national government and the DFINITY Foundation to investigate use cases for decentralized technologies in governance and urban planning. [32] [33] [34]
Partnership with Elliptic
In February 2025, the DFINITY Foundation formed a partnership with Elliptic, a company specializing in cryptoasset compliance and risk monitoring. The objective of this collaboration is to expand security and compliance infrastructure across the Internet Computer ecosystem. Through this integration, ICP was added to Elliptic’s monitoring suite, enabling tracking and regulatory screening of transactions. The partnership provides institutional actors with tools to meet jurisdictional requirements while interacting with applications built on ICP’s smart contract framework.
Validation Cloud Integration
In April 2025, Validation Cloud, a Web3 infrastructure provider, entered into a partnership with the DFINITY Foundation to introduce blockchain analytics services to the Internet Computer Protocol (ICP). As part of the collaboration, Validation Cloud integrated access to ICP Rosetta nodes, which facilitate interaction with the ICP ledger and the Network Nervous System (NNS) governance canister. These nodes provide functionality required for blockchain-related operations including transaction analysis, regulatory reporting, and automated compliance workflows. The integration is intended to support enterprise-level use cases involving custody, analytics, and adherence to regulatory frameworks such as Know Your Customer (KYC) and Anti-Money Laundering (AML) standards.
Operational Security Status
As of June 2025, the Internet Computer Protocol has reported no known network breaches since its initial deployment in 2021. The protocol operates on a fully on-chain infrastructure, with data and application logic hosted directly within its decentralized network. This eliminates the need for reliance on traditional off-chain storage services, which are typically more susceptible to centralized vulnerabilities. The architecture aims to reduce exposure to external threats commonly associated with hybrid or cloud-based blockchain solutions. [26] [27] [28]