USD.AI is a decentralized finance (DeFi) protocol that issues a synthetic dollar, USDai, designed to finance the physical infrastructure of the artificial intelligence sector. Developed by Permian Labs, the platform functions as a high-yield credit system that provides hardware-backed loans to emerging AI companies, a market segment it terms "Infrastructure Finance" or "InfraFi." ^{[1] [2]}

Overview

USD.AI was created to address the capital financing gap for emerging AI companies that possess valuable physical assets, such as Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), but may lack access to traditional credit markets. The protocol allows these companies to use their compute hardware as on-chain collateral to secure non-dilutive loans. By treating high-demand hardware as a commodity, the platform facilitates a programmatic, on-chain approval process that can reduce loan closing times from months to under a week. ^{[3] [4]}

For depositors, the protocol offers a sustainable, asset-backed yield generated from the interest paid on these hardware-collateralized loans. The system is built on a foundation of "stackable DeFi primitives," which are modular components designed to manage the entire lifecycle of an asset-backed loan, from yield generation and risk curation to liquidity management. This architecture is an evolution of the legacy MetaStreet protocol and is designed to function without relying on external price oracles, making it suitable for assets with low mark-to-market frequency, such as real-world assets (RWAs) and decentralized physical infrastructure (DePIN). ^[5]

The protocol's stated mission is to democratize access to capital for builders in the AI sector. David Choi, co-founder of USD.AI, stated, "Not everyone has a CFO or a Wall Street connection. But they do have machines and a future to build. This is a dollar that scales for the outsiders." ^[3] Vance Spencer of Framework Ventures, a lead investor, compared the capital demands of the AI industry to an "oil boom" and noted that USD.AI could "democratize access to funding while offering investors yield tied to AI sector growth." ^[4]

History

The technical foundation of USD.AI evolved from the MetaStreet protocol, with its core components being developed and launched iteratively throughout 2023 and 2024. These early primitives included the Automatic Tranche Maker (ATM) for oracleless lending, the Liquid Credit Token (LCT) for trading debt positions, and the Yield Pass for isolating yield from illiquid assets. ^[5]

In 2025, the project gained significant traction. During a private beta phase, USD.AI accumulated $50 million in deposits. On August 14, 2025, Permian Labs announced it had raised $13 million in a Series A funding round led by Framework Ventures, with participation from Dragonfly, Arbitrum, and others. Later that month, on August 26, YZi Labs (formerly Binance Labs) announced a strategic investment in the protocol. ^{[4] [3]}

The protocol's Total Value Locked (TVL) experienced rapid growth, increasing from near zero in early June 2025 to over $62.7 million by late August 2025. In September 2025, the protocol reached major deposit milestones, filling an initial $250 million deposit cap and a subsequent $250 million cap by September 11, bringing total deposits to $500 million. Shortly after, on September 19, a new deposit round was announced to raise the total limit by another $500 million, with a portion allocated exclusively for its strategic partner, Plasma. ^{[3] [6]}

Technology

The USD.AI protocol is constructed upon a modular architecture designed to manage the complexities of lending against illiquid, real-world assets. This architecture is organized around three foundational pillars and a series of "stackable" components. ^[5]

Architectural Pillars

The protocol's functionality is divided into three core systems that manage the lifecycle of asset-backed credit:

• CALIBER [Yield]: This is the legal and technical framework responsible for tokenizing physical assets and generating yield. It enables oracleless lending and includes mechanisms for splitting yield from the underlying principal of an asset. CALIBER also incorporates an on-chain insurance fund, held on the company's balance sheet and backed by Treasury bills, to protect against catastrophic events. ^[1]
• FiLo Curator [Scale]: This system is designed to manage the onboarding of real-world infrastructure loans at scale. It provides a process for risk curation and vetting, allowing new asset-backed loans to be opened to public funding while maintaining structural protections for the protocol. ^[5]
• QEV [Redeem]: A decentralized liquidity primitive for managing redemptions. It addresses the challenge of backing a liquid token with long-dated, illiquid collateral. Instead of a simple first-come, first-served queue, QEV uses a market-driven mechanism to process redemption requests in a fair and transparent manner. ^[1]

Stackable DeFi Primitives

The three pillars are composed of several distinct, interoperable mechanisms, each with a specific function:

• Automatic Tranche Maker (ATM): An oracleless lending mechanism that facilitates credit for low-liquidity assets like NFTs and RWAs.
• Liquid Credit Token (LCT): A tradable, yield-bearing token representing a user's position in a credit tranche.
• ObjectSDK: A modular underwriting system for asset appraisals and creating amortization schedules for RWAs and DePIN hardware.
• Yield Pass: A mechanism that strips and isolates yield from productive but illiquid assets.
• QEV-Boost: A liquidity incentive system that uses auctions to grant priority access within the redemption queue, optimizing liquidity allocation.

These components were developed and tested individually before being integrated into the unified USD.AI protocol. ^[5]

Yield Generation and Collateral

The primary source of yield for the protocol is the interest earned from loans issued to AI companies. These loans are collateralized by physical, income-generating infrastructure assets, primarily high-performance compute hardware. Any idle capital within the protocol is held in Treasury Bills to generate a baseline yield. This is achieved through an integration with the M0 Protocol, where deposited stablecoins are swapped for the $M token, which provides exposure to T-Bill yields. The protocol targets an annual percentage rate (APR) between 15% and 25% for its yield-bearing token holders. ^{[2] [7]}

Redemption Mechanism

Unstaking from the protocol is an asynchronous process managed by the QEV system. When a user wishes to redeem their yield-bearing tokens for the base synthetic dollar, they submit a request to a First-In, First-Out (FIFO) queue. These requests are subject to a mandatory waiting period, such as seven days, to manage the illiquidity of the underlying hardware assets. The protocol's strategy administrators periodically service the queue by unwinding lending positions to free up liquidity. Future plans include implementing an auction system (QEV-Boost) where users can bid for priority positions in the queue. ^[7]

Omnichain Support

Both of the protocol's primary tokens are designed for omnichain functionality. They support cross-chain transfers using a burn-and-mint mechanism. The protocol has native support for the LayerZero interoperability protocol, utilizing a dedicated messaging endpoint and a bridged token contract on destination chains. ^[7]

Tokenomics

USD.AI operates on a dual-token model to separate liquidity provision from yield accrual. This structure allows it to offer both a stable, liquid asset and a higher-yield, less liquid investment vehicle. ^[2]

USDai

USDai is the protocol's synthetic dollar. It is not a fiat-collateralized stablecoin like USDC or USDT; rather, it is a fully-backed synthetic asset designed for deep liquidity and instant redemption. Its primary backing comes from the $M token of the M0 Protocol, which is itself backed by U.S. Treasury Bills. Users mint USDai by depositing supported stablecoins, which the protocol then swaps for $M. USDai serves as the main on-ramp and off-ramp for the ecosystem and does not pass yield directly to its holders. ^[7]

sUSDai

sUSDai (Staked USDai) is the protocol's primary yield-bearing token. Users receive sUSDai when they stake their USDai in the protocol's vault. It is a free-floating token compliant with the ERC-4626 standard, and its value represents a share of the protocol's total net assets, which include unallocated capital and active lending positions. The yield accrued by sUSDai is generated from two main sources: emissions from the underlying $M tokens and interest earned from deploying capital into lending pools on the MetaStreet protocol. Due to its backing by illiquid loans, sUSDai is subject to a timed redemption process. ^[7]

Ecosystem and Partnerships

The USD.AI protocol has established a network of borrowers, investors, and DeFi integration partners to support its InfraFi ecosystem.

• Borrowers: Major borrowers who have utilized the protocol for hardware financing include Lyceum, Hydra Host, Compute Labs, and TACOM. ^[1]
• DeFi Integrations: The protocol has integrated with several other DeFi platforms to enhance yield and utility. It has partnered with Pendle Finance to offer specialized "Boost" and "Max" yield strategies. A core strategic partnership with the Plasma Foundation facilitates ecosystem expansion and user rewards. The protocol also developed "AutoVaults" in collaboration with K3 Capital, Concrete, and Euler to provide depositors with optimized yields. ^{[6] [3]}
• Infrastructure Partners: The protocol relies on key infrastructure from other projects. The M0 Protocol provides the T-Bill-backed $M token for USDai's collateralization, and MetaStreet's lending pools are a primary venue for deploying capital to generate yield. The system uses Chainlink price feeds for valuing its lending positions and Uniswap V3 for internal asset swaps. ^[7]

Team and Investors

Team

USD.AI was developed by Permian Labs Inc. The co-founders of Permian Labs are David Choi, who serves as CEO, and Conor Moore, the company's COO. ^[4]

Investors

The project is backed by several prominent venture capital firms in the digital asset space. Its $13 million Series A round was led by Framework Ventures. Other major investors include Dragonfly, YZi Labs, Digital Currency Group (DCG), Arbitrum, Delphi, and Fintech Collective. ^{[4] [3]}

Security

The USD.AI protocol has undergone extensive security audits from top-tier firms, which reportedly cleared the codebase with no high or critical vulnerabilities. To ensure ongoing security and identify potential exploits, the project maintains active bug bounty programs on the ImmuneFi and Cantina platforms. ^[1]