NEAR protocol is a Layer 1 blockchain that utilizes a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism, enabling the development of decentralized applications. It was founded by Illia Polosukhin and Alex Skidanov and features a native token, NEAR, which is utilized for transaction fees and storage costs within the network. The mainnet of the NEAR Protocol was launched in April 2020, and by September 2020, it transitioned to being operated by its community. ^{[1] [2]}

Overview

NEAR protocol targets the scalability problem of traditional blockchains through the implementation of sharding. Sharding is a method used to reduce the computational load on the network by dividing it into smaller parts, called shards. Each node in the network only runs the code that is relevant to its specific shard, allowing the different shards to process information in parallel. This enables the network to handle more transactions and increase scalability as the number of nodes in the network grows. ^[1]

On January 30, 2024, NEAR Protocol announced the testing launch for Phase 2 of Sharding. Phase 2 introduces fundamental upgrades to NEAR’s core protocol architecture, enabling greater scalability and decentralization for the network. It also introduces a change to the implementation of stateless validation: an innovative approach to state change, or the process of updating the status of all the data posted to the blockchain. NEAR validators would no longer have to maintain the state of a shard locally and can retrieve all the information they need to validate state changes, or “state witness,” from the network. ^[22]

“NEAR continues to make progress on bringing Chain Abstraction infrastructure that can scale to a billion users and beyond,” said), Co-Founder of NEAR Protocol and CEO of NEAR Foundation. “The scalability improvements from stateless validation can unlock even better user experiences for more end-user applications, whether multichain DeFi-style dapps or those aimed at mainstream users.”

Blockchain Operating System (BOS)

On March 2, 2023, NEAR announced that it was becoming the Blockchain Operating System (BOS). The BOS is an industry-first category: a common layer for browsing and discovering open web experiences, compatible with any blockchain. The framework is compatible with all blockchains and Near will act as the common entry point, said Polosukhin, in an interview with CoinDesk. ^{[27] [28]}

“The composable decentralized front ends as a framework can work with any Web2 or Web3 back end and any wallet,” Polusukhin said. “In the future we will be offering [use of] wallets from one chain to interact with another via seamless bridging,” he added.“We are moving away from our layer 1 focus, it’s now about the user and the experience they have. We are looking at this as the frontend for blockchains in general.”

Nightshade

The NEAR Protocol uses a technology called Nightshade to enhance transaction throughput. Nightshade is a type of sharding in which groups of validators process transactions simultaneously across multiple sharded chains, increasing the overall capacity of the blockchain. Unlike traditional sharding, Nightshade creates small portions of the next block called "chunks". ^[4]

This allows NEAR to handle up to 100,000 transactions per second and achieve near-instant finality on transactions, with a one-second block time while maintaining low transaction fees. ^[4]

Rainbow Bridge

It is possible to transfer assets from Ethereum to NEAR and vice versa using the Rainbow Bridge, which is a tool built by Aurora that enables the movement of ERC-20 assets between Ethereum, Aurora, and NEAR. ^[12]

Popular ERC-20 tokens like stablecoins (USDT, DAI, TUSD), wrapped assets (WBTC, WETH), DEX tokens (UNI, 1INCH), lending tokens (AAVE, COMP), and service company tokens (HT, CRO) are compatible with NEAR. These tokens can be transferred directly between MetaMask or other Web3 wallets and NEAR wallets and apps, allowing for seamless interoperability between the two platforms. ^[13]

Doomslug

Near Protocol has its own version of the Byzantine Fault Tolerance consensus mechanism, known as Doomslug, and employs a finality gadget for additional security. It is a variation of the Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) mechanism, allowing the network to attain practical finality with just a single round of confirmation. ^[14]

NEAR's Doomslug distinguishes between two forms of finality: Doomslug finality, which is achieved once a block has received its pre-votes and cannot be undone unless the malicious validator is penalized, and BFT finality, which is accomplished after 2/3 of the block producers have pre-voted and pre-committed, similar to Tendermint or HotStuff. ^[15]

NEAR Token

The NEAR token is the native cryptocurrency of the Near Protocol, it is used for various functions such as paying for transaction fees, and for storage. Additionally, it can also be staked by holders to participate in validating transactions and reaching network consensus. ^[1]

The primary use of the NEAR token is to cover transaction fees and as collateral for data storage on the blockchain. It also provides a unit of account used for processing transactions and storing data. ^[30]

Tokenomics

One billion NEAR tokens were created at genesis, and its allocation is divided among several groups: 17.20% is allocated to Community Grants and Programs, 14.00% is allocated to Core Contributors, 12.00% is allocated to Community Sale, 11.76% is allocated to Early Ecosystem, 11.40% is allocated to Operations Grants, 10.00% is allocated to Foundation Endowment, 15.23% is allocated to Seed Round, and 8.41% is allocated to Venture Round. This allocation was designed to support and incentivize different stakeholders of the Near protocol ecosystem. ^[3]

Allocation of Genesis Tokens

NEAR Foundation

Created on April 22, 2020, the NEAR Foundation is a Switzerland-based non-profit organization that utilizes its financial and operational resources to support the mission of the NEAR Collective, which is a group of active participants who drive the NEAR ecosystem. ^[5] Its mission is:

…to accelerate the world’s transition to open technologies by growing and enabling a community of developers and creators.

On the other side, the vision of the foundation is the following:

…a self-sufficient ecosystem of creators, developers, entrepreneurs, community members and tokenholders whose collaborative efforts make the NEAR ecosystem the best place to build massively impactful projects in the Open Web.

The NEAR Foundation is led by AI innovator Illia Polosukhin as the appointed CEO since November 2023. He oversees the growth of the NEAR Open Web Ecosystem and guides the constellation of teams that leverage NEAR as a platform for dApp building^[25]. During his appointment, he mentioned:

“I’m honored and excited to officially join the NEAR Foundation and continue working together with the ecosystem to build towards our shared vision of an open web,” said Illia Polosukhin about his new role. “Effectively coordinating a decentralized ecosystem involves a lot of iteration and experimentation and I’m proud that NEAR has committed to refining this process since the very beginning. I believe this next step in our shared evolution will help us build our respective verticals faster and work together more efficiently.” 

On January 11, 2024, NEAR Protocol announced it would reduce its team by approximately 40%, impacting 35 colleagues, primarily across the marketing, business development, and community teams. This followed the review conducted with the NEAR Foundation Council (NFC) to discover that the Foundation was not as effective as expected. ^{[18] [27]}

"Following this review, we have decided to significantly consolidate the core Foundation team to focus on a narrower and higher-impact set of activities" -  Near Foundation CEO, Illia Polosukhin stated.

On April 8, 2024, the NEAR Foundation launched the Infrastructure Committee, a new initiative aimed at strengthening NEAR’s Key Infrastructure. With $4 million earmarked for infrastructure projects, the initiative is meant to support the success of NEAR projects while distributing funds and sourcing projects in an open, transparent way. The Key Infrastructure includes RPC nodes, relayers, indexers, bridges, wallets, load balancers, and oracles. ^[31]

Near Foundation Council

The NEAR Foundation Council (NFC) is the governing body of NF (similar to a board of directors) which is responsible for ultimate control and oversight of NF and taking significant decisions for the organization. ^[34]

Members of the council include Diogo Monica, Illia Polosukhin, Sheila Warren, Chris Donovan, and Richard Muirhead. ^[34]

Near.AI's Master Plan

On June 18, 2024, NEAR.AI, a project under the NEAR Foundation, released a plan that aims to develop Open Source and User-Owned Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). The project will start by creating an AI Developer to teach machines coding and then an AI Researcher to leverage these skills for advancing AGI. The NEAR ecosystem, with its extensive user base, developer community, and financial resources, is well-positioned to achieve this vision. The initiative emphasizes building in Open Source to ensure user ownership and control over the developed AI, fostering a transparent and collaborative development process.

NEAR's initial product is a scalable blockchain that is user-friendly and widely adopted. The long-term goal is to enable people to control their assets, data, and choices through User-Owned AI, which will optimize benefits for users while maintaining privacy and security. This AI will be customizable for individual users, communities, and brands, facilitating direct transactions without intermediaries. The NEAR.AI team, led by Alex Skidanov, focuses on building an AI Developer for secure end-to-end application development, including Web3 applications.

One significant challenge in blockchain is fragmentation across many chains and the limited number of developers. NEAR.AI aims to simplify the creation of Web3 products using AI Developer, reducing costs and making development more accessible. The project will remain Open Source, collaborating with the broader community to enhance efficiency and innovation. By engaging the NEAR community and leveraging the existing NEAR token-based economy, NEAR.AI seeks to attract more developers and users, creating novel experiences and economic opportunities.

Advancements in AI reasoning, search, and formal methods will drive NEAR.AI's progress towards AGI. The ultimate goal is User-Owned AGI, surpassing expert human capabilities for any task and enhancing productivity and creativity. This technology will be owned by individuals and communities, not large corporations or governments, ensuring that all AI and AGI developments benefit everyone and remain Open Source. ^[20]

Partnerships & Collaborations

NEAR Protocol x Google Cloud

NEAR Protocol announced on October 4th, 2022, a strategic partnership with Google to accelerate web3 startups, where NEAR grant recipients will receive technical assistance from Google Cloud. ^[8]

Google Cloud will be providing support for developers building and scaling their Web3 projects and dApps on the NEAR Protocol. With Google Cloud, developers can take advantage of core internet infrastructure to deploy their code quickly, securely, and seamlessly. This partnership allows NEAR projects to achieve scalability. ^[8]

"We will be supporting NEAR and giving Web3 developers the most secure, reliable, and sustainable cloud infrastructure on which they can build and scale. We continue to support tomorrow’s leaders in creating new products and services on blockchain-based platforms.” - Carlos Arena, Director of Digital Assets at Google Cloud

NEAR Protocol x SeatlabNFT

SeatlabNFT is an NFT-based event ticketing marketplace that is built on the NEAR blockchain. Nightshade, NEAR’s sharding architecture, helps solve the scalability problems, which allows the processing of large numbers of transactions without any negative impact on performance.

SeatlabNFT allows artists to create and sell event tickets directly to fans, bypassing scalpers and ensuring the authenticity of the tickets through NFT technology. This ensures that the buyers will not have to pay the markup prices and will have the original ticket with them. ^[9]

NEAR Wallet x SWEAT

London-based tech company Sweatcoin, which aims to promote healthier living by encouraging physical activity, has teamed up with the NEAR Foundation to launch SWEAT, an innovative new token. ^[10]

“Sweatcoin was founded with a vision to create a new economy of wealth through health. For every 1,000 steps you take, you earn a Sweatcoin that can be redeemed for goods and services in the app from brands including Sonos and Reebok, or to donate to important charities such as Save the Children via Sweatcoin for Good.”  - Anton Derlyatka, Co-founder at Sweatcoin

NEAR Foundation x Binance Custody

On November 7, 2022, the NEAR Foundation announced an integration with Binance Custody, a secure digital asset custody solution for institutional investors. The NEP-141 standard is now supported, which allows any institutional investors with NEAR to use their secure storage infrastructure. Additionally, the integration makes it simpler for Binance Custody to provide support for any tokens that are compatible with NEP-141 from projects that are built on NEAR. ^[30]

NEAR Foundation x Grupo Nutresa

NEAR has partnered with Grupo Nutresa, a major food processor in South America, to bring blockchain technology to the grocery industry. Grupo Nutresa will create one of the first open-source loyalty point programs on the NEAR blockchain, to eventually reach one million users in Colombia and Latin America. The partnership was made possible through the assistance of tech company Peersyst. ^[11]

NEAR Foundation x Meta Pool

On February 7, 2024, Meta Pool, the liquid staking solution built on NEAR launched the Enterprise Node Operators (ENO) program in collaboration with NEAR Foundation. The program aims to onboard top-tier Institutions and companies into the NEAR Ecosystem. ^[24]

The primary goal of the ENO program is to enhance the NEAR Ecosystem’s institutional network by forging partnerships with enterprise-grade companies. These companies, in turn, facilitate the onboarding of their partners into the NEAR community, fostering a collaborative and interconnected environment that contributes to the overall growth of NEAR. ^[24]

NEAR Foundation x D3

On February 8, 2024, The NEAR Foundation partnered with D3, a leading digital infrastructure provider specializing in domains, to apply to obtain the ‘.near’ Top-Level Domain (TLD) during the ICANN application window. The collaboration is to integrate D3’s interoperable digital identities into the NEAR ecosystem, enhancing utility for both users and developers. ^[25]

“We’re excited to work with D3 to secure the .near top-level domain and extend the power of NEAR accounts across the entire internet. As the functionality of NEAR accounts expands with Chain Abstraction, combining Web3 identity with existing internet infrastructure will help drive mainstream adoption,” - said Illia Polosukhin, Co-Founder of NEAR Protocol and Chief Executive Officer of the NEAR Foundation.

Funding

On January 13, 2022, the Near Foundation reported the completion of a $150 million funding round. The private token sale was led by Su Zhu's Three Arrows Capital, with contributions from prominent cryptocurrency-focused investment funds, including Mechanism Capital, Dragonfly Capital, Andreessen Horowitz (a16z), Jump, Alameda, Zee Prime, Amber Group, and others. ^{[7] [16]}

Three months later, the protocol raised $350 million in a funding round led by hedge fund Tiger Global, to expedite the decentralization of the NEAR ecosystem. ^[17]

“NEAR is poised to be a leading smart contract blockchain platform, combining first-rate technology with a fast-growing developer ecosystem,” - partner at Tiger Global, John Curtius

Transformer 8

Near co-founder, Illia Polosukhin co-wrote the well-known paper "Attention Is All You Need" in 2017, along with seven colleagues from Google. Together, they are referred to as the "Transformer 8." In March 2024, seven of them made their first joint appearance on stage at Nvidia's annual developer conference. During the event, CEO Jensen Huang stated, "Everything that we are benefiting from today can be traced back to that moment." ^[32]

Polosukhin said Google started utilizing transformers in 2018 in Google Translate, which made for a “massive improvement.” But a broadly popular use of the technology didn’t come until OpenAI launched ChatGPT in November 2022. ^[32]

“OpenAI had very little to lose by opening this up,” Polosukhin told CNBC. “If, for example, any other company, especially public company, opened it up and the first question you ask there, it was like an inappropriate answer, that would be in the news.”

By the time the formative paper was published at the end of 2017, Polosukhin had exited Google to start his own AI company, Near, with fellow software engineer Alexander Skidanov. All eight of the authors have now left Google. ^[32]

While at Google, Polosukhin was a proponent of open source.

“At the time, opening it up and making it available to everyone to build on top of it was the right decision,” he said.

With Near, Polosukhin is focused on what he calls user-owned AI, “that optimizes for the privacy and sovereignty of users.”

Near's AI Assistant

In October 2024, Near launched a cross-chain AI agent in Alpha that can produce memecoins in seconds and search the web to buy products for fiat. ^{[35] [36]}

Additionally, the AI agent can:

• Explore and explain what happened in a transaction when given a transaction hash;
• Request tokens from the testnet faucet;
• Mint and send a special NFT through a wallet it controls to a user;
• Answer general questions about the NEAR architecture (powered by realtime search results).^[36] The NEAR.AI Assistant was launched by co-founder Illia Polosukhin at the Redacted conference in Bangkok where the protocol also announced its plan to build the world’s largest open-source AI model. Polosukhin demonstrated the capabilities of the AI Assistant by using it to spin up a backstory, website, and logo for a new Frog memecoin and then instantly launching it on Near’s version of Pump.fun. ^[35]

The assistant was also able to search the web for a custom T-shirt printer and create a mock website interface in one go. Polosukhin also mentioned that while using the assistant to book flights was not yet available in the alpha, “we have a prototype of that, but it’s not live yet.” He said,

“But this is an open platform. Anybody can go right now and add more agents, for example, booking flights, and it will effectively start working in everybody’s assistant.”

Chain Abstraction

Chain Abstraction is a concept aimed at making blockchain technology invisible to end users while preserving its underlying benefits. This is achieved by simplifying the user experience, removing the need for users to understand complex blockchain concepts, manage multiple wallets, or deal with different networks. For developers, it means building cross-chain applications without managing multiple blockchain integrations, allowing them to focus on application logic and reach users regardless of their preferred network. NEAR's chain abstraction framework consists of three core technologies:

1. NEAR Intents: A decentralized system where users express desired outcomes (e.g., "swap Token A for Token B at the best price") without specifying technical details. A network of solvers competes to fulfill these intents optimally, handling complex cross-chain operations. This allows users to simply declare what they want to achieve, and the network determines how to make it happen across various chains and services.
2. Chain Signatures: This technology enables NEAR accounts, including smart contracts, to sign and execute transactions on other blockchains like Bitcoin or Ethereum. By leveraging Multi-Party Computation (MPC), a single NEAR account can control accounts and assets on external chains, facilitating cross-chain interactions and enabling dApps on NEAR to interact with different blockchain models.
3. OmniBridge: A multi-chain asset bridge that combines Chain Signatures with chain-specific verification methods for secure and efficient cross-chain transfers. It uses a hybrid approach of MPC-based signatures and light clients to reduce verification times and lower gas costs. The bridge acts as a token factory and custodian, managing native and bridged tokens through a unified interface.

Chain Abstraction is closely related to NEAR's Blockchain Operating System (BOS), which aims to provide a common layer for discovering and interacting with open web experiences across any blockchain. The BOS framework is compatible with various blockchains, with NEAR serving as a common entry point, simplifying user onboarding and interaction with Web3 applications. This approach makes Web3 experiences feel more familiar and accessible to mainstream internet users by abstracting away underlying blockchain complexities. The implementation of chain abstraction enables new functionalities, such as the cross-chain AI Assistant launched by Near in October 2024. This AI agent can perform actions like swapping assets across different chains, demonstrating the practical application of chain abstraction in creating seamless multi-chain user experiences. ^{[37] [38]}

Shade Agents

Shade Agents are a framework for building decentralized and trustless AI agents that can control accounts and assets across multiple blockchains. They address the limitations of previous Web3 agents, which were either trustless but risked losing private keys if their Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) failed, or were persistent but centralized. Shade Agents combine the verifiability and non-custody of TEEs with NEAR's decentralized key management, ensuring persistent control of accounts even if a TEE goes down. Any agent running the same code in a TEE can access the same accounts, eliminating the risk of private key loss. By integrating TEEs with the NEAR tech stack, Shade Agents can autonomously sign transactions across various chains, interact with AI models and external data sources, manage assets, and perform privacy-preserving, verifiable computations.

This offers the flexibility and performance typically associated with Web2 applications, combined with the verifiability of Web3. Shade Agents are designed to power Agentic Protocols, a new type of decentralized application that is autonomous, proactive, and intelligent. ^{[39] [40]}

Use Cases

Shade Agents can power autonomous applications without intermediaries. For developers, they introduce intelligence without human intervention in areas like DeFi, social applications, and Web2 use cases requiring privacy and verification. For end users, they provide verifiable and private automation without needing to review every transaction or delegate keys. Examples of possible use cases include:

• Mindshare Trading Agents that track metrics and execute trades across various chains.
• Decentralized Solvers that accept asset deposits and utilize off-chain data to fulfill user intents.
• Prediction Markets where worker agents query sources and vote on resolutions.
• Lending Optimizers that rebalance between pool-based products to optimize rates.
• Twitter Bet Escrow where worker agents create markets and resolve outcomes. The future vision for Shade Agents includes AI-driven hedge funds managing large capital, Agent-based DAOs transitioning governance to AI-driven real-time decision-making, and Autonomous businesses operating self-sustaining organizations. ^{[39] [40]}

Open Agents Alliance

The Open Agents Alliance (OAA) is a collaboration of teams, including NEAR AI and Coinbase Onramp & AgentKit, introduced at ETHDenver 2025 on February 27, 2025. The alliance aims to deliver powerful, open-source AI services to all users by combining infrastructure. The shared mission of the OAA teams is to ensure secure, open-source, economical, and fair AI access for humanity, prioritizing user privacy and economic inclusivity for over 5.5 billion web users worldwide.

Through the OAA, participating organizations offer end-to-end solutions, including multiple agentic AI frameworks, traffic sources, cloud hosting secured by TEEs, and frictionless on/off-ramps to both fiat and crypto. The alliance aims to replace the traditional "pay-to-play" model with a user-first approach for the benefit of all internet users. By allowing developers to seamlessly build and deploy AI and sharing revenue with contributors, the OAA is paving the way for free AI inference at scale. Founding teams working together in the OAA include:

• NEAR AI;
• Coinbase Onramp & AgentKit;
• Eliza Labs;
• Aethir;
• Bitte Protocol
• Akash;
• IQ AI;
• Phala Network;
• Hyperbolic;
• Exabits;
• SWEAT Economy;
• HOT;
• Frax Finance;
• Arc;
• MotherDAO. ^{[41] [42] [43]}