Conflux

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Conflux

Conflux is a first-layer hybrid utilizing and consensus, designed for requiring high speed and scalability without compromising decentralization. The network was founded by , , and . [1]

Overview

Conflux is a public known for its high performance, novel , and dual-space design, which is suitable for and gaming applications. The hybrid of Conflux combines and to ensure security, high throughput, and decentralization. The uses the Tree-Graph ledger structure and GHAST algorithm, achieving up to 3,000 transactions per second (TPS) with confirmation times within 1 minute, maintaining decentralization comparable to and . The provides network finality, reducing the risk of a 51% attack and allowing Conflux to handle numerous transactions efficiently. [5]

Conflux has two spaces: Conflux Core Space and Conflux eSpace. The Core Space utilizes the hybrid and includes a sponsorship feature, enabling users to interact with contracts without needing a balance. The eSpace is compatible with the , allowing developers to migrate to Conflux eSpace and benefit from its performance and scalability. The CrossSpaceCall enables communication and atomic operations between Core Space and Space. [5]

Technology

Spaces

The Conflux v2.0 (Hydra) upgrade introduced Spaces through a CIP-90 governance proposal. Spaces is an abstract concept used to distinguish Conflux-format transactions from -format transactions. It allows for the virtual creation of a sub-chain of the original Conflux network, known as Space. Core Space refers to the original Conflux network, while eSpace is a virtualized chain running on top of Core Space. The two spaces are logically independent and do not affect each other. [6]

Spaces can be considered a virtualization technology, whereas eSpace is a virtualized chain operating on Conflux. This setup reduces migration costs for projects and users and provides the benefits of Conflux’s low fees and high TPS. [6]

Core Space

Conflux Core Space is the native space of the Conflux network. It features a Tree-Graph ledger structure and consensus algorithm that performs better than and without sacrificing decentralization. This supports the development of the Conflux ecosystem. [6]

Core Space is a platform that evolved from . It allows development using Solidity with various optimizations, including administration and sponsorship mechanisms. Core Space also includes built-in contracts for , cross-space communication, and on-chain governance. The account address format in Core Space uses base32 encoding, which is different from addresses, and provides unique JSON-RPC interfaces. Interaction with Conflux Core Space requires proprietary wallets and SDKs. [6]

eSpace

Conflux eSpace is a fully -compatible chain of Conflux with lower fees and higher TPS than , independent of Core Space. The experience of eSpace for developers and users is similar to . can be deployed to eSpace without modification. development tools (Remix, Hardhat, Foundry), SDKs (ethers.js, viem, web3.py), wallets (, Taho), and services (TheGraph) can be directly used in Space. [6]

eSpace functions similarly to , , or Aurora for developers. Core Space and eSpace share the same ledger for data storage, with transactions from both spaces in a single block but distinguished by their encoding. Each space operates independently with its transactions, account statuses, and contracts, while an internal bridge allows for specific atomic calls between the two spaces. [6]

Bitcoin Layer 2 (BTC L2)

In January 2024, Conflux Network introduced an -compatible solution, leveraging strengths and integrating features like -based . This enhances interoperability between blockchains and provides more channels for interacting with decentralized applications. [7]

The infrastructure, with over 300 , uses Verifiable Secret Sharing (VSS)-based key sharing for decentralized asset management. It distributes responsibilities across to enhance security and prevent single points of failure. The protocol records the root hash of the latest ledger state onto the network. It is a reliable that provides -related metadata through internal contracts. This allows on-chain contracts to access events on the . [7]

With compatibility, Conflux enables seamless management of -based assets like and xRC20 tokens through . It supports and applications, including complex financial instruments, yield-generating protocols, and interactive gaming experiences. [7]

Proof of Work (PoW)

Conflux employs the for network security. Utilizing the Tree-Graph ledger structure and the GHAST chain selection rule, Conflux maintains the same level of decentralization and security as and while achieving significantly higher transaction throughput and reduced confirmation latency. [8]

Tree-Graph

Conflux's core is the Tree-Graph ledger structure and the GHAST chain selection rule. In distributed ledgers, handling concurrent blocks, or forks, is essential. Traditional like and use the longest chain rule to select one and discard the rest, which does not contribute to security or throughput. This creates a conflict between scalability and security. Conflux addresses this by incorporating all concurrent blocks into its ledger, enhancing security and performance. Conflux replaces the longest chain rule with the GHAST chain selection rule, which selects a based on the power working on its subtree rather than just on a chain, making the selection more robust. This allows for a block creation rate of up to 2 blocks per second and can withstand liveness attacks. [9]

The Tree-Graph ledger structure in Conflux features each block having a single parent edge and a list of reference edges to previous blocks, introducing new information about the before-after relationship between blocks. This structure, a directed tree embedded within a , is named Tree-Graph. To process transactions, Conflux first selects a pivot chain in the Tree-Graph using GHAST. Then, it orders the ledger into a linear sequence of blocks using the pivot chain and reference edges, and finally, it executes transactions following this linear order. [9]

GHAST (Greedy-Heaviest-Adaptive-SubTree)

The Conflux Research Group developed the GHAST mechanism to address the "liveness attack" issue by modifying the block weight system used in the heaviest chain rule. GHAST determines the block type at the miner's discretion rather than its historical tree-graph structure. The heaviest chain rule is implemented by selecting the child block with the highest weight from the current last main chain block's child tree. Block weight calculation now considers both block count and the sum of weights. By allowing miners to generate special blocks, GHAST increases block difficulty and reduces block production speed, mitigating the "liveness attack" issue. [10]

Proof of Stake (PoS)

To counter , Conflux will implement a stand-alone chain. Participants in the will regularly sign the pivot of the tree structure, and PoW miners must follow the pivot with sufficient signatures, even if its sibling blocks have higher weights. This ensures that if the votes on a pivot block, any attempts by to reverse the block will not be recognized by the . The specifies pivot blocks in a restrictive manner, requiring blocks to be confirmed for a few minutes under rules before sign them. Thus, block sorting and confirmation remain the responsibility of miners. [11]

The PoS chain's sole purpose is to address . It features only pivot block voting and voting committee elections, without general functionalities like transactions and contract executions. These features are integrated into Conflux ; there is only one external program: conflux-rust. The Conflux chain refers to the running , while the chain refers to the newly introduced chain, generating approximately one block per minute. [11]

Ecosystem

Conflux Network is a ecosystem with a novel tree-graph that enhances scalability and efficiency. It includes various projects that contribute to the network's diversity and utility. [12]

Swappi

Swappi is an on the Conflux network, enabling users to swap, , and earn yields on their assets. Swappi is the first to launch on eSpace, an -compatible environment that allows Ethereum-native dApps and smart contracts to operate within the Conflux ecosystem. As an -based , Swappi allows users to trade without registering or creating an account, facilitating quick and decentralized trading. [12][13]

Nucleon

Nucleon is a solution for Conflux , which leading providers support. Nucleon allows users to CFX without locking assets or maintaining infrastructure, addressing issues of illiquidity, immovability, and accessibility in Conflux . This makes staked CFX liquid and enables participation with any amount of CFX to enhance network security. [12][14]

Users with Nucleon receive xCFX tokens representing their staked CFX. xCFX balances can be used like regular CFX to earn yields and lending rewards, with daily updates reflecting CFX rewards. There are no lock-ups when staking with Nucleon, and the minimum deposit is 1 CFX to reduce risk. Staking rewards are compounded in real-time, allowing secure participation in Conflux without associated risks. [12][14]

Goledo

Goledo is a cross-chain lending and borrowing protocol where depositors earn passive income by depositing digital assets into the algorithmic market. Borrowers can access both overcollateralized and undercollateralized loans. Deployed on Conflux, a permissionless layer 1 with lower transaction costs, Goledo enables efficient lending and borrowing. [12][15]

Meson

Meson facilitates low-cost, zero- cross-chain swaps across leading and . It operates on 16 high-performance chains, including , , , , , , Aurora (), (), Conflux eSpace, (), (), , and , as well as like , , and . [12][16]

Meson's design and technology enable fast swap finality by processing swaps out-of-order from the origin to destination chains, with HTLC ensuring execution. This reduces reliance on cross-chain bridges and lowers costs, offering minimal fees. The Meson protocol is compatible with any public chain running . [12][16]

Zero Gravity

ZeroGravity (0G) is an infinitely scalable and decentralized data availability layer with a built-in general-purpose storage layer. 0G provides a scalable on-chain database for any Web2 or data type, suitable for various needs, including on-chain AI. As a data availability layer, 0G allows seamless verification that data has been accurately stored. [12][17]

ConfluxHub

ConfluxHub is the main bridge between Conflux Core Space and Conflux eSpace.Users and projects can use this bridge or API for cross-chain communication or cross-chain . [12]

CFX Token

CFX is the native currency of the Conflux network, used to incentivize network maintenance and charge users for resource consumption. CFX ensures system stability by serving as the reward for , each , and voting. Each CFX token is divisible into smaller units called drips, similar to on or on , with one CFX containing 10¹⁸ drips. A small amount of drip is paid as a on the Conflux Network and awarded to miners. The network has built-in inflation, gradually adding more CFX to the total circulation over time. [18][19]

Tokenomics

In the initial phase, rewards are provided to direct builders and ecosystem contributors. The genesis block includes 5 billion pre-mined CFX tokens allocated as follows: [18]

  • Private Equity Funders: 12% for private round investors, released over two years.
  • Foundation Holdings: 4% plus any unsold tokens from the previous category, unlocked monthly over two years.
  • Genesis Team: 36% for the founding team, including the IIIS team, Conflux Foundation employees, and advisors, released over four years.
  • Community Fund: 8% for community users, unlocked within four years.
  • Ecosystem Fund: 40% for community developers supporting , unlocked within four years.

Funding

In December 2018, the Conflux project raised $35 million from backers, including Sequoia and Baidu. In January 2021, Conflux received a research grant of $5M from the Shanghai Science and Technology Committee and the Xuhui District government. [2]

"While the amount of money granted is important, it is the government’s signal to support a public permissionless chain like Conflux that matters the most for us,” - Conflux co-founder Fan Long told CoinDesk.

In March 2023, Conflux received a $10 million investment from , a digital asset market maker and investment firm. [2]

Partnerships

BitMart

In April 2022, Conflux announced a strategic partnership with , a global digital asset trading platform. The alliance focused on cultivating a lasting relationship that can assist with projects that leverage what both platforms offer in a mutually beneficial way. [3]

" platform and expertise can provide added value to the Conflux Ecosystem in myriad ways, and we believe that listing Conflux Network’s native token CFX and other ecosystem tokens would benefit users from both ends profoundly."

Alchemy Pay

In February 2023, Conflux announced its partnership with to provide an easy fiat on-ramp payment solution that enables users to purchase using local fiat currencies. The partnership was aimed to increase Conflux Network’s accessibility to both newcomers and experienced users, resulting in increased mainstream adoption. [4]

" contribution will be essential to Conflux Network’s international growth. We’re looking forward to taking our long-standing relationship with to the next level. technology integration will enable the onboarding of millions of users into Conflux Network’s ecosystem in an effortless and regulatory-compliant way."

参考文献

[1]
confluxnetwork.org

Conflux Website

Aug 17, 2022

[2]
www.coindesk.com

comflux received 10m from dwf labs

Sep 19, 2023

[3]
confluxnetwork.medium.com

BitMart x Conflux Strategic Partnership

Sep 19, 2023

[4]
medium.com

Conflux Partners With Alchemy Pay

Sep 19, 2023

[5]
doc.confluxnetwork.org

What is Conflux? | Conflux Docs

Jul 22, 2024

[6]
doc.confluxnetwork.org

Spaces | Conflux Docs

Jul 22, 2024

[7]
medium.com

Introducing Bitcoin Layer 2 Solution | Medium

Jul 22, 2024

[8]
doc.confluxnetwork.org

PoW | Conflux Docs

Jul 22, 2024

[9]
doc.confluxnetwork.org

Tree-Graph | Conflux Docs

Jul 22, 2024

[10]
doc.confluxnetwork.org

GHAST | Conflux Docs

Jul 22, 2024

[11]
doc.confluxnetwork.org

PoS | Conflux Docs

Jul 22, 2024

[12]
doc.confluxnetwork.org

Conflux Ecosystem | Conflux Docs

Jul 22, 2024

[13]
medium.com

Introducing Swappi | Medium

Jul 22, 2024

[14]
doc.nucleon.network

About Nucleon | Nucleon Docs

Jul 22, 2024

[15]
medium.com

Goledo Live on Conflux | Medium

Jul 22, 2024

[16]
docs.meson.fi

Meson Docs

Jul 22, 2024

[17]
docs.0g.ai

Zero Gravity Docs

Jul 22, 2024

[18]
doc.confluxnetwork.org

CFX Glossary | Conflux Docs

Jul 22, 2024

[19]
medium.com

Role of CFX in Conflux | Medium

Jul 22, 2024

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